失业率（unemployment rate)

自然失业率(natural rate of unemployment)

A.失业;失业率

B.途径;进程

C.机械装置

D.技巧

Would it be desirable for an economy to have a zero rate of unemployment？Why might a positiVe rate of unemployment be beneficial for an economy？

Discuss the different implications for economic policy depending on whether a high unemployment rate is caused mostly by hard—core unemployment or by normal turnover unemployment．

besides the unemployment rate，would you use to evaluate the level of employment and the utilization of the labor force in a developing country？

经常波动的经济中还是在一个产量水平非常稳定的经济中失业率会更高？ Under which institutional arrangements of the labor markets would hysteresis be a more imporrant source of unemployment？In the presence of hysteresis，do you think that unemployment would be higher in an economy with large and frequent fluctuations in output or in one with a mostlv stableoutput level？

假设一个经济有以下菲利普斯曲线：π=π_-1-0.5(u-0.06)。

a．自然失业率是多少？

b．画出通货膨胀与失业之间的短期与长期关系。

c．为了使通货膨胀减少5个百分点，必须有多少周期性失业？用奥肯定律计算牺牲率。

d．通货膨胀为10%，美联储想把它降到5%。给出两种能达到这个目标的方案。

Suppose that an economy has the Phillips curve π=π_-1-0.5(u-0.06)．

a．What is the natural rate of unemployment？

b．Graph the short-run and long-run relationships between inflation and unemployment.

c．How much cyclical unemployment is necessary to reduce inflation by 5 percentage points？ Using Okun's law, compute the sacrifice ratio.

d．Inflation is running at 10 percent. The Fed wants to reduce it to 5 percent. Give two scenarios that will achieve that goal.

同时，由于农村工人向城市迁移寻找高工资的工作而存在较高的城市失业率。那么什么政策或政策组合可以解决上述问题？

Suppose a country has the Harris-Todaro problem．That is，for some reason urban wages are much higher than rural，leading to inefficiently low manufacturing production，but at the same time there is high urban unemployment because rural workers migrate to the cities in search of high-wage jobs．What policy or combination of policies would you advocate to solve this problem？

判对未来通货膨胀率有什么重要性？ c．如果工会能够使未来名义工资大幅度提高，政府应采取何种政策保持充分就业？以什么为代价？ Assume that this year many unions are negotiating new contracts． a．How does the current unemployment rate affect their negotiating power？ b．What is the importance of current wage．negotiations for future inflation？ c． If unions are able to obtain high mises in future nominal wages，what policies can the govemment implement t0 keep full employment？At what cost？

考虑失业会如何影响索洛增长模型。假定产出是根据生产函数Y=K^a[(1-u＜sup＞*＜/sup＞)L]^1-a而生产的。式中，K为资本；L为劳动；u＜sup＞*＜/sup＞为自然失业率。国民储蓄率为s，劳动力增长率为n。资本折旧率为δ。

a．把人均产出(y=Y/L)表示为人均资本(k=K/L)和自然失业率的函数。描述该经济的稳定状态。

b．假定政府政策的某些变化降低了自然失业率。描述这一变化随时间的推进如何影响产出。对产出的稳定状态的影响大于还是小于立即的影响？请解释。

Consider how unemployment would affect the Solow growth model. Suppose that output is produced according to the production function Y=K^α[(1-u＜sup＞*＜/sup＞)L]^1-α，where K is capital, L is the labor force, and u＜sup＞*＜/sup＞ is the natural rate of unemployment. The national saving rate is s, the labor force grows at rate n, and capital depreciates at rate δ.

a．Express output per worker (y=Y/L) as a function of capital per worker (k=K/L) and the natural rate of unemployment. Describe the steady state of this economy.

b．Suppose that some change in government policy reduces the natural rate of unemployment. Describe how this change affects output both immediately and over time. Is the steady-state effect on output larger or smaller than the immediate effect？ Explain.