讨论20世纪80年代发展中国家债务危机爆发的背景、原因和启示。

20世纪80年代的债务危机期间，普林斯顿大学经济学家彼得·B·凯南(Peter B．Kenen)主张建立一个政府发起的国际债务折价公司(International Debt Discount Corporation，IDDC)，它可以发行自己的长期债券，来交换银行对发展中国家的债权。IDDC可能怎样帮助发展中国家减免债务呢，它会产生什么问题？(对这些问题以及相关问题的专题论文集，参见《经济展望》杂志(Journal of Economic Perspectives)Winter，1990)。

During the 1980s debt crises，economist Peter B．Kenen of Princeton University suggested the creation of a government-sponsored International Debt Discount Corporation(IDDC)that would issue its own long-term bonds to banks in exchange for their loans to developing countries．How might an IDCC have facilitated debt relief for developing countries？ What problems can you see in operating such a facility？ (For a symposium on these and related questions，see the Winter 1990 issue of the Journal of Economic Perspectives．)

制。整个20世纪80年代，美国银行在伦敦银行业的业务份额大大下降。你能找出这两种现象间的联系吗？

After the developing country debt crisis began in 1982 (see the next chapter)，U.S. bank regulators imposed tighter supervisory restrictions on the lending policies of American banks and their subsidiaries．Over the 1980s，the share of U.S. banks in London banking activity declined．Can you suggest a connection between these two developments？

简要回答20世纪80年代债务危机爆发的原因。(南开大学2000)

20世纪80年代，拉丁美洲债务危机的特点是()

A．投机冲击所致

B．无力偿还的债务规模巨大

C．石油危机所致

D．汇率波动所致

A经济增长停滞，人均收入下降

B由于农产品的价格下降，导致工业制成品与农产品的“剪刀差”越来越大，与外国的贸易条件逐渐恶化

C日益扩大的债务问题始终没有得到实质性的解决

D地区间的经济竞争加剧，引发了发展中国家之间的冲突与矛盾

国家所有制，向以市场为基础，着重于开放和私有企业的方向发展。” Comment on the following statement：“As a result of the debt crisis of the early 1 980s，government throughout Latin America are rejecting inward—looking policies and extensiVe state ownership，for a market-based approach that emphasizes openness and private enterprise．”

而非正式部门的就业增加。如何用每个部门的劳动力市场的制度安排解释这一现象？ Most Latin American countries were affected by the debt crisis of the 1980s．They experienced an important contraction in employment in the formal sector while employment in the informal sector increased．How Call the institutional arrangements of the labor market in each sector be used to explain this phenomenon？