关税约束（tariff binding)

最优关税(optimum tariff)

赞成关税的贸易条件改善论(terms of trade argument for a tariff)

假设政府对所有进口货物都征收关税，请运用DD-AA模型分析该措施对经济将产生的影响(请同时分析暂时性关税和永久性关税)。

Suppose the government imposes a tariff on all imports．Use the DD-AA model to analyze the effects this measure would have on the economy．Analyze both temporary and permanent tariffs。

Using the DD-AA model，analyze the output and balance of payments effects of an import tariff under fixed exchange rates．What would happen if all countries in the world simultaneously tried to improve employment and the balance of payments by imposing tariffs？

一国对进口商品征收关税。这一举措将如何影响该国与外国之间的长期实际汇率和长期名义汇率？

A country imposes a tariff on imports from abroad．How does its action change the long-run real exchange rate between home and foreign currency？ How is the long-run nominal exchange rate affected？

Evaluate the usefulness of generational accounting from the perspective of someone who believes that generations are altruistically linked. Now evaluate the usefulness of generational accounting from the perspective of someone who believes that many consumers face binding borrowing constraints.

下列哪几项行为符合《关税和贸易总协定》的规定，哪几项不符合？

a．美国对任何一个对美出口超过其从美国进口量2倍的国家征收20%的关税；

b．美国对小麦出口实行补贴。以夺回一部分被欧盟抢走的市场；

c．美国对加拿大木材征收进口关税，却没有对其他关税进行相应比例的削减；

d．加拿大应美国的要求，对本国木材出口征税以安抚美国木材生产商；

e．一项对高科技领域如电子和半导体的科研提供补贴的计划；

f．政府对由于进口竞争而失业的工人提供特殊资助。

Which of the following actions would be legal under GATT，and which would not？

a．A U.S. tariff of 20 percent against any country that exports more than twice as much to the United States as it imports in return．

b．A subsidy to U.S. wheat exports，aimed at recapturing some of the markets lost to the European Union．

C．A U.S. tariff on Canadian lumber exports，not matched by equivalent reductions on other tariffs．

d．A Canadian tax on lumber exports，agreed to at the demand of the United States to placate U.S. lumber producers．

e．A program of subsidized research and development in areas related to high-technology goods such as electronics and semiconductors．

f．Special government assistance for workers who lose their jobs because of import competition．

某小国能够以每单位10的国际价格进口某种产品。这种产品在该国国内的供给曲线为：S=50+5P，需求曲线为：D=400-10P。另外，每1单位的产品能够产生价值为10的边际社会收益。

a．试计算对每单位进口产品征收5个单位的关税给社会福利造成的全部影响。

b．计算5个单位的生产补贴给社会福利造成的全部影响。

c．为什么生产补贴产生的社会福利所得比关税多？

d．最优生产补贴是多少？

A small country can import a good at a world price of 10 per unit．The domestic supply curve of the good is

S=50+5P．

The demand curve is

D=400-10P．

In addition，each unit of production yields a marginal social benefit of 10．

a．Calculate the total effect on welfare of a tariff of 5 per unit levied on imports．

b．Calculate the total effect of a production subsidy of 5 per unit．

c．why does the production subsidy produce a greater gain in welfare than the tariff？

d．What would the optimal production subsidy be？

Suppose that demand and supply are exactly as described in problem 3 but there is no marginal social benefit to production．However，for political reasons the government counts a dollar's worth of gain to producers as being worth ＄2 of either consumer gain or government revenue．Calculate the effects on the government's objective of tariff of 5 per unit．