偏向型增长（biased growth)

出口偏向型增长(export-biased growth)

进口偏向型增长(import-biased growth)

福利恶化型增长(immiserizing growth)

It is just as likely that economic growth will worsen a country's terms of trade as that it will improve them．Why，then，do most economists regard immiserizing growth，where growth actually hurts the growing country，as unlikely in practice？

A.他国的出口偏向型增长能改善本国贸易条件

B.他国的出口偏向型增长会恶化本国贸易条件

C.他国进口偏向型增长会改善本国贸易条件

A.有利

B.不利

C.无影响

试分析下列各国中哪个国家的跨时生产可能性会偏向于当前消费？哪个会偏向于未来消费？

a．一个像上世纪的阿根廷或加拿大这样的国家，直到最近方才敞开大门，接纳了大规模的移民定居并仍在接收大量移民的流入。

b．一个像19世纪末的英国或今日的美国那样领导世界科技的国家，但随着其他国家的奋力赶超，其领导地位日渐没落。

c．一个发现了大量石油资源且只要极少投资就能开发出来的国家(如沙特阿拉伯)。

d．一个发现了大量石油资源但却需要巨额投资方可开发的国家(如挪威，其石油位于北海海底)。

e．一个像韩国一样已掌握了生产工业产品的技术并正迅速赶上发达国家的国家。

Which of the following countries would you expect to have intertemporal production possibilities biased toward current consumption goods，and which biased toward future consumption goods？

a．A country，like Argentina or Canada in the last century，that has only recently been opened for large-scale settlement and is receiving large inflows of immigrants．

b．A country，like the United Kingdom in the late nineteenth century or the United States today，that leads the world technologically but is seeing that lead eroded as other countries catch up．

e．A country that has discovered large oil reserves that can be exploited with little new investment(like Saudi Arabia)．

d．A country that has discovered large oil reserves that can be exploited only with massive investment(like Norway，whose oil lies under the North Sea)．

e．A country like South Korea that has discovered the knack of producing industrial goods and is rapidly gaining on advanced countries．

索洛增长模型(Solow growth model)

增长年金(growth annuity)

稳定与增长协定(SGP)(Stability and Growth Pact，SGP)