Negative behavior. can cost a person a promotion, even a job.（)

oes she say this？ Why does he do that？ Sometimes the reason is obvious. For example, someone is driving down the street, the light turns red, and he stops, why？

W: Because he has to, legally I mean.

M: Exactly! In this case the reason is obvious, so we usually don't question it. But when the reason is not so obvious and especially when the behavior. could have negative consequences, we're more likely to feel a need to explain the causes of the behavior. Social psychologists have a term for this, for the process of explaining the causes of behavior. It's called causal attribution. And one theory suggests there's a pattern in the way we go about attributing causes to people's behavior. According to this theory, there are two categories of reasons: internal factors and external factors. Again, Lisa, say you're driving down the road and all of a sudden some guy turns into the lane right in front of you, and you have to slam on your brake to avoid an accident. How do you react？

W: I'll probably get very angry.

M: Because...

W: Well, he's not paying attention; he's a bad driver.

M: So you automatically attribute the driver's behavior. to an internal factor. He himself is to blame because he is careless.

W: So if I said it was because of heavy traffic or something, I'd be attributing bis behavior. to an external factor, something beyond his control.

M: Good. Now how will you explain your own negative behavior？

W: I should blame external factors.

M: That's right.

(23)

A．Judging people's behavior.

B．Changing people's attitudes.

C．Common causes of anger.

D．The effects of negative behavior.

听力原文：W: Mark really needs to see this article in Psychology Weekly.

M: Why？ What's it on？

W: Reasons for negative behavior. patterns—like procrastination, habitual lateness...

M: You're right. That's Mark. He's never on time. So what does it say？

W: That people who are always late often do it for a reason--either conscious or unconscious. It could be an expression of anger and resentment—or a way of resisting authority. It could even be anxiety.

M: Well, I don't know. In Mark's case, I think it's because he wants to be noticed.

W: That's the next reason in the article—the need for attention. They give the example of movie stars who used to make these grand entrances.

M: That's not really Mark's style. though—he's so quiet.

W: What gets me is that he's late for his friends all the time—but not for other things, like work.

M: Well... but they might deduct pay for that.

W: Exactly. You know, sometimes I'm tempted to tell him to come at, say, seven, and everybody else at 7.15. Then maybe we wouldn't have to wait so long.

M: We have to try something. You know, he confessed to me one day that he was even late for his sister's wedding. She was really angry.

W: I remember that. He was in the wedding--so they couldn't start until he got there.

M: Maybe you should slip that magazine under his door anonymously. And hope he gets the message.

(20)

A．A comparison of unconscious behavior. patterns.

B．Recent trends in psychology.

C．Reasons for certain behavior. problems.

D．Causes of anxiety.

听力原文： American visitors to Eastern Asia are often surprised and puzzled by how Asian cultures and customs differ from those in the United States. What's considered typical or proper social conduct in one country may be regarded as odd, improper or even rude in the other. For example, people from me Eastern Asian countries may begin a conversation with a stronger by asking personal questions about family, home or work. Such questions are thought to be friendly, whereas they might be considered offensive in the United States. On the other hand, people in most Asian cultures are far more guarded about expressing their feelings publicly than mast Americans are. Openly displaying annoyance or anger, yelling, arguing loudly and so forth is considered illmannered in countries such as Japan. Many Eastern Asians prefer to hold their emotions in check and instead express themselves with great politeness. They try not to be blunt and avoid making direct criticisms. In fact, they often keep their differences of opinion to them selves and merely smile and remain silent rather than engage in a confrontation. By comparison, Americans are often frank about displaying both positive and negative emotions on the street and in other public places. Americans visiting Asia should keep in mind that such behavior. may cause offense. A major difference between American culture and most Asian cultures is that in Asia, the community is more important than the individual. Most Americans are considered a success when they make a name for themselves.

(23)

A．By displaying their feelings and emotions.

B．By exchanging their views on public affairs.

C．By asking each other some personal questions.

D．By greeting each other very politely.

s shown that nonverbal communication is at least as important. Gestures and tone of voice are important cues in determining others' responses to us. Individuals who are not aware of information conveyed nonverbally are at a social disadvantage. In fact, children who fail to "read" such messages tend to be unpopular and underachievers. Children who are overeager or speak loudly, for example, may offend other children, or adults. When they fail to adjust their behavior. on the basis of others' responses, they aggravate the situation.

Adults may offend their peers also by their inattention to nonverbal responses. The sense of personal space varies among individuals and cultures. The salesman who puts his arm around the shoulder of a prospective buyer should realize the possible consequences of his gesture. Physical contact conveys sense of intimacy that the relationship may or may not warrant. Standing very close to someone during a face-to-face conversation may produce a negative reaction. In fact, you may observe the person back away.

Practice and traditions are more permissive in some cultures than in ours. In most situations, those people of power often take or receive more space. Think of the teacher whose large desk is surrounded by more space than the students' smaller desks.

Tone of voice also conveys messages and emotions. "Beautiful" may be used to describe bouquet of roses or a black eye, but the tone of voice will not be the same. "Thanks a lot" can be said with genuine gratitude or with sarcasm.

Dog trainers report that dogs respond to tone of voice than to the particular words that are said. Dogs are often praised in a consistent tone of voice that may be slightly high-pitched and somewhat singsong. They will respond to this tone of voice with wagging tails even if the words don't match.

The main point of the article is that

A．dogs and humans communicate the same way.

B．gestures and tone of voice convey a great deal of information.

C．our system of communication is changing rapidly.

D．only human beings are capable of verbal communication.

of emotional distress in our culture. Almost everyone spends a considerable amount of present moments worrying about the future. And virtually all of it is for nothing. Obsessive (过分的) worry will never make things any better. In fact, such worry will very likely help you to be less effective in dealing with the present.

In order to reduce worry, it is necessary to understand the subconscious psychological "

payoffs" for choosing to worry in the first place. "I can't do a thing. I'm too worded about... " This is a common sorrow, and one with a payoff that keeps you standing still and avoiding the risk of action. Clearly, it is easier, if less rewarding, to worry than to be an active.

If you weigh too much, you may eat more when you worry; hence, you have a good reason for hanging on to the worry behavior. Similarly, you may find yourself smoking more in troublesome situations, and can use the worry to avoid giving up smoking. The same anxious reward system also applies to health. It may be easier for you to worry about chest pains than to risk finding out the truth, and then having to deal directly with yourself.

Worry can bring a lot of diseases such as tension headaches and backaches. While these may not seem to be payoffs, they do result in considerable attention from others and justify much self-pity as well. And some people would rather be pitied than fulfilled.

Now that you understand the psychological support system for neurotic worry, you can begin to devise some measures for reducing the number of troublesome worry bugs that breed in this incorrect zone.

Begin to view your present moments as times to live, rather than times to worry about the future. When you" catch yourself worrying, ask yourself, "What am I avoiding now by using up this moment with worry？" Then begin to attack whatever you're avoiding. "

第27题：The passage is mainly concerned with _________

A．the negative effects of worry

B．the positive effects of worry

C．the causes of worry

D．the diseases caused by worry

Bullying and Children

What your son is describing is bullying, plain and simple. Although it is late in the school year, you should take action by reassuring your son that he did nothing to bring this on and that you will help him. Many parents, unfortunately, think that bullying and being bullied are rites of passage, something all kids endure at some point in their lives just like suffering through boring assemblies and bad cafeteria food. But bullying is not, and should not be, considered a normal part of growing up.

Studies done in Norway show that bullying is most common in the younger age groups but is still present even in the mid-teens. The percent of children who are bullied ranges from 17% in the second grade to about 5% in the ninth grade. A recent survey in the United States shows that 10% of children reported being bullied, 13% reported being a bully, and 6% reported being both bullied and being the bully. This survey was limited to sixth through tenth graders.

What is bullying？

Bullying involves intentional and repeated actions and words designed to intimidate or hurt another person. There is usually an imbalance of power, either physical or psychological, between the perpetrator and his or her victim. Occasional name calling and shoving are not considered bullying because they are usually not repetitive events. On the other hand, if a child is on the receiving end of taunts and name calling by any persons regularly, then that is considered bullying. Physical aggression, social alienation, verbal aggression, and intimidation are the four main categories of bullying.

Many parents are shocked when they find out their child has been the victim of a bully, and a few parents are shocked to find out that their child has been a bully. Victims tend to be more passive, anxious, and insecure than non-victims and to have more negative views of themselves. A small percentage of victims are termed provocative because they are both anxious and aggressive, often seeking the attention of the perpetrator.

The bullies, by comparison, tend to be aggressive children and frequently lack sympathy for others. Bullies usually have a positive self-image and a desire to be in control. Tile bully cherishes power. The cherished myth of the bully as a loner with a poor self-image seeking to bolster his own self worth by attacking others didn't hold up to scrutiny of scientific study. of course, there will always be victims and perpetrators who do not fit these profiles] Any child can be a bully, and any child can be bullied if the circumstances are right.

Although bullying is common, studies report that only half the children report what is happening to a parent, and even fewer to a teacher. Few adults witness the acts of the bully because most aggression occurs at school and places where there is little oversight by an adult. The playground, cafeteria, and rest rooms are common locations for the perpetrator to act.

Children who are victims may develop a variety of vague health complaints to avoid going to school or wherever the bullying is taking place. Sometimes this kind of school avoidance behavior. can be a red flag for parents, so ask your child if he or she is being picked on and bullied.

What to do about bullying

If your child reveals to you that he or she is being bullied, take action. Parents can help the child by teaching him how to demonstrate an air of' sell-confidence by making good eye contact, speaking clearly and loudly enough to be heard. Remind the child to walk away from the encounter, tell the bully firmly that he is in the wrong, and to tell a teacher, parent or other adult what is happening.

Parents of bullies should also intervene to stop the behavior. and make it clear that bullying will not be tolerated or ignored One stud

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

A.negative, neutral, positive

B.negative, positive, neutral

C.positive, neutral, negative

D.neutral, negative, positive

A."not"

B."no"

C."never"

A.negative

B.national

C.irrational

D.rational

A.Interlanguage

B.Positive transfer

C. Negative transfer

D. Overgeneralization

A.A. negative

B.B. neutral

C.C. defensive

D.D. positive