（) a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work.

ce the traditional school？

W: I doubt it. Schools are here to stay, because they are much more than just book learning. Even though more and more kids are going on-line, I believe few of them will quit school altogether.

Q: What does the woman think of conventional schools？

(14)

A．They will be replaced by on-line education expands.

B．They will attract fewer kids as on-line education expands.

C．They will continue to exist along with on-line education.

D．They will limit their teaching to certain subjects only.

imitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter.

The 【C1】______ of language is also obscure (模糊). No doubt it began very. 【C2】______ . Animals have a few 【C3】______ that "serve as signals, 【C4】______ even the highest apes have not been found able to 【C5】______ words, even with the most 【C6】______ professional instruction. The 【C7】______ brain of man is apparently a necessity for the 【C8】______ of speech. When man became 【C9】______ intel-ligent, we must 【C10】______ that he gradually 【C11】______ the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day 【C12】______ he 【C13】______ that speech could be used for narrative. I am 【C14】______ to think that language has been the most important single 【C15】______ in the development of man.

Two important 【C16】______ came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication(家庭驯养) of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human 【C17】______ in the regions where it could be successfully practiced.

Another fundamental technical 【C18】______ was writing, which, like spoken language, developed out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and 【C19】______ information to people who were not 【C20】______ when the information was given.

【C1】

A．space

B．Origin

C．invention

D．copy

be【B1】to the bill at a hotel or restaurant. In other places the【B2】may be expected to give a tip, or small amount of money,【B3】services are performed. In the United States there is no consistent practice in【B4】to tipping. The custom is more【B5】in a large city than in a small town. In general,【B6】, a tip is expected by the porters by taxi drivers, and by those who【B7】people in hotels and restaurants.

When you pick up your【B8】luggage at an airport, you may tip the person who【B9】it to the taxi. He or she usually expects $0.50, a bag for this【B10】. A taxi may have one meter that【B11】the cost of the trip and another that shows a fixed【B12】, usually about $0.50, for "extras". However, the taxi driver usually expects a tip in【B13】to the "extra", especially if he or she【B14】your suitcase. This tip should be about 15 percent of the fare. In hotels it is customary to give something to the porter who【B15】you and your room. In case of doubt, 50c for each bag is satisfactory. In a【B16】you generally leave about 15 percent of the【B17】on the table as a tip for the person who has served you. If the【B18】is small, a tip is not usually expected.

The practice of tipping for other services is even more【B19】. In large cities one usually tips the barber, and sometimes the attendant in a restroom in a hotel.【B20】to the custom in some European countries, one does not tip the usher in a theater.

【B1】

A．added

B．excluded

C．considered

D．included

rthern Hemispheres(地球的半球)shows a(n)【C1】______trend in average temperatures over the【C2】______hundred years. At the moment most scientists are not prepared to stick their necks out and【C3】______a cause to this trend. It is possible that it represents a natural climatic change caused by a【C4】______increase in the sun's radiation output. But these same scientists are【C5】______aware that recent temperature changes are at the limit of known natural【C6】______: it seems increasingly likely that the cause is a(n)【C7】______greenhouse effect.

The basic theory of the greenhouse effect is quite simple. The earth's atmosphere consists【C8】______of oxygen and nitrogen,【C9】______there are small concentrations of various "greenhouse" gases-【C10】______carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane(沼气)-- which play a very important role in【C11】______the planet's "heat balance". As their name suggests these gases have a similar effect on glass in a greenhouse: They let heat from the sun【C12】______, and keep it in.

The atmosphere is more or less transparent to the【C13】______solar radiation which warms the earth(ground or oceans)on which it falls.【C14】______it has been heated, the earth is warmer than space and gives【C15】______energy in the form. of in visible long-wave infrared radiation. This【C16】______for nighttime cooling. Greenhouse gases【C17】______some of this long-wave radiation, and reradiate it in the lower atmosphere.

The gases【C18】______act rather like a blanket by preventing some infrared radiation from leaving the earth-atmosphere system.【C19】______certain limits, the more greenhouse gases present, the more infrared radiation will become【C20】______, and the higher the surface temperature of the earth.

【C1】

A．current

B．downward

C．upward

D．disturbing

sing old materials. For the artist this means wider opportunities. There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a man's work. Observe how the development of plastics and light metals as well as new methods of welding (焊接法)has changed the direction of sculpture. Transparent plastic materials allow one to look through an object, to see its various sides overlapped with each other (as in Cubism or in an X ray). Today, welding is as prevalent as casting was in the past. This new method encourages open designs, where surrounding and intervening space becomes as important as form. itself.

More ambiguous than other scientific inventions familiar to modem artists, but no less influential, are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers, discoveries that have penetrated recent art, especially Surrealism. (超现实主义)

The surrealists, in their struggle to escape the monotony and frustrations of everyday life, claimed that dreams were the only hope. Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious, they banished all time barriers and moral judgments to combine disconnected dream experiences from the past, present and intervening psychological states. The surrealists were concerned with overlapping emotions more than with overlapping forms. Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences. As to them, obsessive and often unrelated images replaced the direct emotional messages of Expressionism. They did not need to smash paint and canvas ; they went beyond this to smash the whole continuity of logical thought.

There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life. In a period when science has made revolutionary strides, artists in their studios have not been unaware of scientists in their laboratories. At the same time, this has rarely been a one-way street. Painters and sculptors, though admittedly influenced by modem science, have also molded and changed our world. If break-up has been a vital part of their expression, it has not always been a symbol of destruction. Quite the contrary: it has been used to examine more fully, to penetrate more deeply, to analyze more thoroughly, to enlarge, isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier were apt to neglect. In addition, at times it provides rich multiple experiences so organized as not merely to reflect our world, but in fact to interpret it.

41.The author argues that Freud's studies .

A.are more comprehensible than other scientific inventions

B.are more controversial than any other scientific findings

C.have been largely influenced by contemporary arts

D.have found their expression in the Surrealism's claims

42.The Surrealism made every endeavor .

A.to transform. real existence into incoherent dreams

B.to diminish all time barriers and moral judgments

C.to express their disconnected unconscious thoughts

D.to substitute direct expressions for fragmented images

听力原文： In many places, ice is as widely used as bread, and it would be surprising indeed if ice did not give birth to many special phrases.

The expression, "to break the ice", meant, to make your first move, to do something for the first time; it was not possible until the ice was broken. Later, the expression developed another meaning, covering a relationship between people. When you have not broken the ice with someone, you have not yet cleared the. way to his trust in you, to his friendship, You must get through to him, just as the small boats had to clear the river's ice jam.

When you tell someone that he "cuts no ice" with you, you are making certain things clear to him — that you are not moved or impressed or influenced by him in any way. You are putting it to him straight — that he is getting nowhere with you.

"Skating on thin ice" is something else again. This means that a man may be doing or saying something risky. It might be offensive and get him into trouble. Thin ice is not much support; if he is not more careful, he may sink right through.

In sports or any other kind of contest, you will hear the phrase, "The game is on ice" or "It is iced up". This simply means that the game is really over, that one side is so far ahead that the other cannot catch up. There is no longer any doubt as who the winner will be.

What is the meaning of "Skating on thin ice"？

A．One may be doing something quite difficult.

B．One may be doing something quite risky.

C．One may be doing something quite annoying.

D．One may be doing something impossible.

Questions are based on the following passage．

A research led by the University of Sydney has found that people often think otherpeople are stating at them even when they aren"t. When in doubt， the human brain is morelikely to tell its owner that he"s under the gaze of another person.

"Gaze perception——the ability to tell what a person is looking at——is a social cue thatpeople ofen take for granted，" says Professor Colin Clifford from the University"s Schoolof Psychology.

To tell if they"re under someone"s gaze， people look at the position of the otherperson"s eyes and the direction of their heads. These visual cues are then sent to the brainwhere there are specific areas that compute this information.

However， the brain doesn"t just passively receive information from the eyes. Thestudy shows that when people have limited visual cues， such as in dark conditions or whenthe other person is wearing sunglasses， the brain takes over with what it "knows".

The researchers created images of faces and asked people to observe where the faceswere looking. "We made it difficult for the observers to see where the eyes were pointedso they would have to rely on their prior knowledge to judge the faces" direction of gaze，"Professor Clifford explains. "It turns out that we"re likely to believe that others are staringat us， especially when we"re uncertain."

"There are several speculations to why humans have this bias，" Professor Cliffordsays. "Direct gaze can signal dominance or a threat， and if you perceive something as athreat， you would not want to miss it. So assuming that the other person is looking at youmay simply be a safer strategy. Also， direct gaze is often a social cue that the other personwants to communicate with us， so it"s a signal for an upcoming interaction."

"It"s important that we find out whether it"s innate or learned——and how this mightaffect people with certain mental conditions，" Professor Clifford says.

Research has shown， for example， that people who have autism （孤独症 ） are lessable to tell whether someone is looking at them. People with social anxiety， on the otherhand， have a higher tendency to think that they are under the stare of others.

"So if it is a learned behaviour， we could help them practice this task——onepossibility is letting them observe a lot of faces with different eyes and head directions，and giving them feedback on whether their observations are accurate."

What can we learn from the research led by the University of Sydney？ 查看材料

A.Human brain can tell if its owner is under someone"s gaze.

B.Human brain cannot identify other people"s gaze when in doubt.

C.People in doubt often think they are stared at by others.

D.People tend to stare at others when they are in doubt.

For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward” the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement“switched on” a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would“smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.

A．are directly related to pleasure

B．will meet their physical needs

C．will bring them a feeling of success

D．will satisfy their curiosity

ted by social conditions, which are themselves often affected by historical events. As an example, look at what happened in the United States early in the 20th century, around the time of the Great Depression, the art movement known as the Regionalism had begun in the United States even before the Depression occurred. But it really flourished in the 1930s, during the depression years. Why？ Well, many artists who had been living in big cities were forced by the economic crisis to leave those big cities and move back to their small towns in rural America. Some of these artists came to truly embrace the life in small towns and to reject city life in so-called "sophisticated society". These artists or specifically certain painters really built the regional-ist movement. They created things in everyday life in small towns or farming areas. And their style. was not all neutral, really big glorified or romanticised country life, showing it stable, wholesome, and embodying important American traditions. And this style. became very popular, in part because of the economic conditions of the time. You see, the Depression had caused many Americans to begin to doubt their society. But regionalism artists painted scenes that glorified American values, scenes that many Americans could easily identify with. So the movement helped strengthen peoples faith in their country, faith that had weakened as the result of the depression. But in the 1940s, before and after the Second World War, American culture began to take on a much more international spirit, and Regionalism, with its focus on small town life, well, it lost a lot of popularity, as American society changed once again. Questions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard. 20. What is the lecture mainly about？ 21. What kind of scene might be shown in a typical regionalist painting？ 22. According to the speaker, what happened in the USA in the 1940s around the time of WWII that affected the popularity of the regionalist art？20．

A．People working in a large factory.

B．People walking on crowded city streets.

C．An everyday activity in a small town.

D．A well-known historical event.

things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, no otherwise.

It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.

Papousek began his studies by using milk in normal way to" reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.

Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

According to the author, babies learn to do things which ______ .

A．will satisfy their curiosity

B．will meet their physical needs

C．are directly related to pleasure

D．will bring them a feeling of success