Risk communication messages should include information about what the public can do to____

根据下列文章，回答 46～50 题。

第 46 题 A method of parent-teacher communication NOT mentioned or referred to by the author is

Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk

The recommendations listed below are grounded in two convictions(信念): that motivating people to start taking bird flu seriously should be a top priority for government health departments, and that risk communication principles provide the best guidance on how to do so.

Start where your audience starts.

Telling people who believe X that they ought to believe Y naturally provokes resistance. You can't ignore X and just say YY-Y-Y-Y. You can't simply tell people they're wrong. You've got to start where they are, with X, and empathically explain why X seems logical, why it's widely believed, why you used to believe it too.., and why, surprisingly, Y turns out to be closer to the truth.

The biggest barrier to sounding the alarm about bird flu is that it's flu usually seen as a ho-hum(漠不关心的) disease. It would help if people stopped calling every minor respiratory infection "a touch of the flu" but that's not going to happen. Empathy is the only answer. Instead of ignoring the fact that people think flu is minor, or berating people for thinking that flu is minor, acknowledge that even some pub{ic health authorities use the term "flu" in ways that minimize its seriousness. After making common cause with the public--"we have all ignored influenza for too long"--talk about how horrific the next flu pandemic(流行病) may be compared with the annual flu.

Don't be afraid to frighten people.

For most of the world right now, though, apathy(漠不关心)is the problem--not denial. We can't scare people enough about HSN1. WHO has been trying for over a year, with evermoredramatic appeals to the media, the public, and Member States. Until a pandemic begins, there's little chance we'll scare people too much.

Research evidence won't protect you from criticism, of course. Fear appeals often provoke angry pushback from people questioning your motives or your competence, accusing you of "crying wolf" or provoking "warning fatigue" or panicking the public. That happened after WHO Western Pacific Regional Director Shigeru Omi said that, in a worst case, a bird flu pandemic could kill up to 100 million people (a well-justified estimate). Of course, there is a genuine downside to issuing warnings that turn out to be unnecessary. Although panic is unlikely and warning fatigue is temporary, there is some credibility loss, especially if the warnings were exaggerated or overconfident. But consider the alternative. Which is worse, being criticized for "unduly" frightening people or being criticized for failing to warn people？

Acknowledge uncertainty.

When the first Thai bird flu outbreaks subsided(平息) in 2004, a senior public official said: "The first wave of bird flu outbreak has passed.., but we don't know when the second wave will come, and we don't trust the situation... So the Public Health Ministry is being as careful as possible." This exemplifies two risk communication principles: acknowledge uncertainty and don't overreassure. During Malaysia's first outbreak, tests were pending regarding what strain of flu was killing the chickens. Senior veterinary official Hawari Hussein said, "We know it is HS, but we're hoping it won't be H5N1." This very brief comment not only acknowledges uncertainty; it also expresses wishes, another good crisis communication practice. Everyone shared Hussein's hope, but feared the worst.

Overconfident overreassurancc ("the situation is under control, everything is going to be fine") is terrible risk communication. Paradoxically, people usually find it alarming. They sense its insincerity and become mistrustful even before they know the outcome. But overconfident warnings are also unwise. There is so much we don't know about H5N1. How many people will it infect？ How quickly will it spread？ How long will it last？ How long will it take for an effectiv

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

W: Not if her heart is all right. If she has a heart condition, I'd recommend against it.

Q: What does the man want to know about his mother？

(15)

A．When she will return home.

B．Whether she can go by herself.

C．Whether she can travel by air.

D．When she will completely recover.

听力原文：W: English Language Center. May I help you？

M: I'm calling to find out more information about your program. For example, what kind of courses do you offer？

W: Well, first of all, the purpose of our program is to provide language learning opportunities for this area's community, whether a student's goal is to master basic functional language skies, let's say, for his or her job, or to study intensively to enter a US college or university.

M: Okay. I'm calling for a friend who is interested in attending a US university.

W: And that's the kind of, uh, instruction that we provide, from basic communication courses to content-based classes such as computer literacy, intercultural communication, and business English.

M: Great. What are your application deadlines for the next semester？

W: Well, we ask applicants to apply no later than two months before the semester begins. This gives us time to process the application and issue student's I-20.

M: An 1-207

W: Oh, an 1-20 is a form. that indicates that we are giving permission for the student to study in our program, and then the student takes this form. to the US embassy in his or her home country to apply for the F-1 student visa.

M: All right. What is the tuition for a full-time student？

W: It's two thousand thirty dollars.

M: How does one apply？

W: We can send you an application and you can mail it back to us, or you can fill out our application on our website.

(27)

A．To help international students prepare to enter institutions of higher learning.

B．To provide work opportunities for graduating students in the community.

C．To teach students how to use English in their daily lives and at work.

D．To provide from basic communication courses to content-based classes.

听力原文：W: English Language Center. How may I help you？

M: Yes. I'm calling to find out more information about your program. For example, what kind of courses do you offer？

W: [20] Well, first of all, the purpose of our program is to provide language learning opportunities for this area's community, whether a student's goal is to master basic functional language skills, let's say, for his or her job, or to study intensively to enter a US college or university.

M: Okay. I'm calling for a friend who is interested in attending a US university.

W: [19] And that's the kind of, uh, instruction that we provide, from basic communication courses to contentbased classes such as computer literacy, intercultural communication, and business English.

M: Great. What are your application deadlines for the next semester？

W: Well, [21] we ask applicants to apply no later than two months before the semester begins. This gives us time to process the application and issue the student's 1-20.

M: An 1-20？

W: Oh, an 1-20 is a form. that indicates that we are giving permission for the student to study in our program, and then the student takes this form. to the US embassy in his or her home country to apply for the F-1 student visa.

M: All right. What is the tuition for a full-time student？

W: [22] It's two thousand thirty dollars.

M: And how does one apply？

W: Well, we can send you an application and you can mail it back to us, or you can fill out our application that's on our Web site.

(23)

A．To help international students prepare to enter institutions of higher learning.

B．To teach students how to use English in their daily lives and at work.

C．To provide work opportunities for graduating students in the community.

D．To provide, from basic communication courses to content-based classes.

W: Oh, yes. It's happening now. You see, the communication industry has made such progress in the last ten years.

What has made working at home possible？

A．Personal computers.

B．Communication industry.

C．Living far from companies.

听音频，回答题

There is an effect that not only have we all witnessed， but have26. Haven"t we all been on an elevator and noticed that just about everyone stops talking when they get on？ Why do we do that？ You can be having a 27 pleasant conversation with someone， and as soon as you get on an elevator， you just feel like you"d better shut up.

Then， as soon as the doors open， everyone28conversation. Primatologists， or people who study primate （灵长类动物） behavior， have a term for this. It"s called the "elevator effect，" though it doesn"t 29 only on elevators. It happens whenever a group of primates， like humans， is 30 a situation where escape is 31 impossible. It"s thought to be a kind of safety32: as long as nobody talks， nobody is going to risk getting in a fight when there"s no way to spread out. The elevator effect keeps a lid on potential problems before they start.

Even though they rarely if ever ride elevators， chimpanzees demonstrate the elevator effect as well. When chimps are temporarily crowded together into small areas， they will 33 their vocal communication， that is， nobody speaks， and avoid eye 34. The amount of scratching the chimps do， however， goes up. Since scratching is a sign of stress in chimps， we can imagine what they are feeling. It"s just like what we feel in a crowded elevator——everybody carefully35 the lighted numbers and no one saying a thing.

第（26）题__________

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听力原文：W: I would like to have a dog of my own. Do you have any ideas of dogs？

M: Oh, dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals.

W: It sounds terrible. How will they behave when they are not properly trained？

M: They will spoil your house, destroy your belongings, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even bite you.

W: Then I dare not keep the dog at my home.

M: Don't be so scared. The key to preventing or treating behavior. problems is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior. to outlets that are acceptable in the domestic setting.

W: Would you please offer me some suggestions on training dogs？

M: Certainly. One of the best things you can do for your dog and yourself is to train it to obey you. Obedience training doesn't solve all behavior. problems, but it is the foundation for solving just about any problem.

W: Is there any other significance of training？

M: Yes. Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog. Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do.

W: Oh, the relationship between people and dogs seems very important.

M: You are right.

(23)

A．Dogs are social animals.

B．Dogs are wild animals.

C．Dogs can bite their owners.

D．Dogs can obey to their owners if properly trained.

听力原文：M: English Language Center. How may I help you？

W: Yes. I'm calling to find out more information about your program. For example, what kind of courses do you offer？

M: Well, first of all, the purpose of our program is to provide language learning opportunities to this area's community, whether a student's goal is to master basic functional language skills, let's say, for his or her job, or to study intensively to enter a US college or university.

W: Okay. I'm calling for a friend who is interested in attending an US university.

M: And that's the kind of instruction that we provide, from basic communication courses to content-based classes such as computer literacy, intercultural communication, and business English...

W: Great. What are your application deadlines for the next semester？

M: Well, we ask applicants to apply no later than two months before the semester begins.

W: All right. What is the tuition for a full-time student？

M: It's two thousand and thirty dollars.

W: And how does one apply？

M: Well, we can send you an application and you can mail it back to us, or you can fill out our application that's on our Web site.

W: And the application fee？

M: $ 35. We accept money orders, travelers checks, or credit cards.

W: All fight. I think that's about it.

M: Okay, great.

W: Oh and what is your name？

M: Ok. My name is Tony Nelson. You can just call and ask me.

W: Great. Thank you for help.

M: No problem and please don't hesitate to call again if you have any other questions.

W: Okay. Goodbye.

(23)

A．To teach students how to use English.

B．To provide language learning opportunities.

C．To offer job positions for graduating students.

D．To help students prepare to enter institutions of higher learning.

听力原文：W: English Language Center. May I help you？

M: Yes, I'm calling to find out more information about your program. For example, what kind of courses do you offer？

W: Well, first of all, the purpose of our program is to provide language learning opportunities to this area's community. Uh-hum, whether a student's goal is to master basic functional language skills, let's say, for his or her job, or to study intensively to enter a U.S. college or university.

M: Okay, I'm calling for a friend who is interested in attending a U.S. university.

W: And that's the kind of, uh, instruction that we provide, from basic communication courses to content-based classes such as computer literacy, intercultural communication, and business English.

M: Great. When is your application deadline for the next semester？

W: Well, we ask applicants to apply no later than two months before the semester begins. This gives us time to process the application and issue the student's 1-20.

M: I-20？

W: Oh, an 1-20 is a form. that indicates that we are giving permission for the student to study in our program, and then the student takes this form. to the U.S. embassy in his or her home country to apply for the F-1 student visa.

M: All right. What is the tuition for a full-time student？

W: It's 2,030 dollars.

M: And how does one apply？

W: Well, we can send you an application and you can mail it back to us, or you can fill out our application that's on our website.

M: And are there other materials I would need to send in addition to the application form？

W: Uh, yes. You would need to send in a $35 application fee, a sponsorship form. indicating who will be responsible financially for the student while studying in our program, and a bank statement showing that you Or your sponsor has sufficient funds to cover tuition expenses and living costs for the entire year of study.

M: And how can I send these materials to you？

W: You can either send the application packet by regular mail or you can fax it.

M: And the application fee？

W: We accept money order, traveler's checks, or credit cards.

M: All right. I think that's about it.

W: Okay, great.

(23)

A．To help international students prepare to enter institutions of higher learning.

B．To teach students how to use English in their daily lives and at work,

C．To provide work opportunities for graduating students in the community.

D．To provide learning opportunities for this area's community.