Tim first mether_______a summer evening.

The Father of the World Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee, who received one million euros ($1.2 million) cash prize for creating the World Wide Web, says he would never have succeeded if he had charged money for his inventions. "If I had tried to demand tees, ... there would be no World Wide Web," Berners-Lee, 49, said on June 5 at a ceremony for winning the first Millennium Technology Prize, awarded by the Finnish Technology Award Foundation. "There would be lots of small webs," the prize committee agreed, citing the importance of Berners-Lee's decision never to commercialize or patent his contributions to the Internet technologies he had developed, and recognizing his revolutionary contribution to humanity's ability to communicate.

His creation spun a generation of youthful millionaires and billionaires, lit the spark for the New Economy and paved the way for massive new industries such as e-commerce. Burners-Lee, who is originally from Britain, has mostly avoided both the fame and the fortune won by many of his Internet colleagues. Despite his prize, he remained modest about his achievements. "I was just taking lots of things that already existed and added a little bit," said Berners-Lee, who now runs the standard-setting World Wide Web Consortium from an office at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

"Building the Web, I didn't do it all myself," he said. "The really exciting thing about it is that it was done by lots and lots of people, connected with this tremendous spirit." Berners-Lee indeed took concepts that had been well known to engineers since the 1960s, but it was he who saw the value of marrying them. Pekka Tarjanne, chairman of the prize committee, said "no one doubts who the father of file World Wide Web is, except Berners-Lee himself." Finnish President Tarja Halonen presented the biannual (一年两次的)award, subsidized by the government. The cash prize is among the largest of this kind, and Berners-Lee is the first recipient.

The prize committee outlined the award to be given for "an outstanding innovation that directly promotes people's quality of life, is based on human values and encourages sustainable economic development." "Isn't this like a definition of the World Wide Web'？" Tarjanne asked. Berners-lee first proposed the Web in 1989 while developing ways to control computers remotely at European Laboratory for Particle Physics, the European nuclear research lab near Geneva. He never got the project formally approved, but his boss suggested he quietly tinker (摆弄) with it anyway. He fleshed out the core communication protocols (草案) needed for transmitting Web pages. By Christmas Day in 1990, he finished the first browser, called simply "World Wide Web." Although his inventions have under- gone rapid changes since then, the underlying technology is precisely the same.

His recent project -- which experts say is potentially as revolutionary as the World Wide Web itself -- is called the Semantic Web. The project is an attempt to standardize how information is stored on the Internet. "It is an exciting new development that we're making," he said. In his acceptance speech, Berners-Lee focused on technology as an evolving process that was just in the beginning. "All sorts of things, too long for me to list here, are still out there waiting to be done.... There are so many new things to make, limited only by our imagination," he said. "And I think it's important for anybody who's going through school or college wondering what to do, to remember that now."

For years, the British scientist's colleagues have said that if computer science was a pure science, Mr. Berners-Lee would have merited a Nobel Prize for his invention. He did receive a knighthood this year, but for the most part his name remains unknown to the masses who use his creation every day. "His picture belongs up on a wall with Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell," sai

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

【R1】

A. GET MOVIN

G.

B. FOLLOW YOUR INTEREST.

C. EXPLORE OTHER PERSPECTIVES.

D. REDUCE SCREEN TIM

E.

E. ALLOW FOR MORE FLEXIBILITY. BRAINSTORMING IN A GROUP BECAME POPULAR IN 1953 WITH THE PUBLICATION OF A BUSINESS BOOK, APPLIED IMAGINATIO

N. BUT IT"S BEEN PROVEN NOT TO WORK SINCE 1958, WHEN YALE RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT THE TECHNIQUE ACTUALLY REDUCED A TEAM"S CREATIVE OUTPUT: THE SAME NUMBER OF PEOPLE GENERATE MORE AND BETTER IDEAS SEPARATELY THAN TOGETHER. IN FACT, ACCORDING TO UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PROFESSOR MICHAEL MUMFORD, HALF OF THE COMMONLY USED TECHNIQUES INTENDED TO SPUR CREATIVITY DON"T WORK, OR EVEN HAVE A NEGATIVE IMPACT. AS FOR MOST COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE CREATIVITY TRAINING, MUMFORD DOESN"T MINCE WORDS: IT"S "GARBAG

E. " WHETHER FOR ADULTS OR KIDS, THE WORST OF THESE PROGRAMS FOCUS SOLELY ON IMAGINATION EXERCISES, EXPRESSION OF FEELINGS, OR IMAGERY. THEY PANDER TO AN EASY, UNCHALLENGING NOTION THAT ALL YOU HAVE TO DO IS LET YOUR NATURAL CREATIVITY OUT OF ITS SHELL. HOWEVER, THERE ARE SOME TECHNIQUES THAT DO BOOST THE CREATIVE PROCESS. 【R1】______ ALMOST EVERY DIMENSION OF COGNITION IMPROVES FROM 30 MINUTES OF AEROBIC EXERCISE, AND CREATIVITY IS NO EXCEPTIO

N. THE TYPE OF EXERCISE DOESN"T MATTER, AND THE BOOST LASTS FOR AT LEAST TWO HOURS AFTERWAR

D. HOWEVER, THERE"S A CATCH: THIS IS THE CASE ONLY FOR THE PHYSI-CALLY FIT. FOR THOSE WHO RARELY EXERCISE, THE FATIGUE FROM AEROBIC ACTIVITY COUNTERACTS THE SHORT-TERM BENEFITS. 【R2】______ THOSE WHO STUDY MULTI-TASKING REPORT THAT YOU CAN"T WORK ON TWO PROJECTS SIMULTANEOUSLY, BUT THE DYNAMIC IS DIFFERENT WHEN YOU HAVE MORE THAN ONE CREATIVE PROJECT TO COMPLET

E. IN THAT SITUATION, MORE PROJECTS GET COMPLETED ON TIME WHEN YOU ALLOW YOURSELF TO SWITCH BETWEEN THEM IF SOLUTIONS DON"T COME IMMEDIATELY. THIS CORROBORATES SURVEYS SHOWING THAT PROFESSORS WHO SET PAPERS ASIDE TO BREW ULTIMATELY PUBLISH MORE PAPERS. SIMILARLY, PREEMINENT MATHEMATICIANS USUALLY WORK ON MORE THAN ONE PROOF AT A TIM

E. 【R3】______ ACCORDING TO UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PROFESSOR ELIZABETH VANDEWATER, FOR EVERY HOUR A KID REGULARLY WATCHES TELEVISION, HIS OVERALL TIME IN CREATIVE ACTIVITIES—FROM FANTASY PLAY TO ARTS PROJECTS—DROPS AS MUCH AS 11 PERCENT. WITH KIDS SPENDING ABOUT THREE HOURS IN FRONT OF TELEVISIONS EACH DAY, THAT COULD BE A ONE-THIRD REDUCTION IN CREATIVE TIME—LESS TIME TO DEVELOP A SENSE OF CREATIVE SELF-EFFICACY THROUGH PLAY. 【R4】______ FIVE EXPERIMENTS BY NORTHWESTERN"S ADAM GALINSKY SHOWED THAT THOSE WHO HAVE LIVED ABROAD OUTPERFORM. OTHERS ON CREATIVITY TASKS. CREATIVITY IS ALSO HIGHER ON AVERAGE FOR FIRST OR SECOND-GENERATION IMMIGRANTS AND BILINGUALS. THE THEORY IS THAT CROSS-CULTURAL EXPERIENCES FORCE PEOPLE TO ADAPT AND BE MORE FLEXIBL

E. JUST STUDYING ANOTHER CULTURE CAN HELP. IN GALINSKY"S LAB, PEOPLE WERE MORE CREATIVE AFTER WATCHING A SLIDE SHOW ABOUT CHINA: A 45-MINUTE SESSION INCREASED CREATIVITY SCORES FOR A WEE

K. 【R5】______ RENA SUBOTNIK, A RESEARCHER WITH THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, HAS STUDIED CHILDREN"S PROGRESSION INTO ADULT CREATIVE CAREERS. KIDS DO BEST WHEN THEY ARE ALLOWED TO DEVELOP DEEP PASSIONS AND PURSUE THEM WHOLEHEARTEDLY—AT THE EXPENSE OF WELL-ROUNDED-NESS. "KIDS WHO HAVE DEEP IDENTIFICATION WITH A FIELD HAVE BETTER DISCIPLINE AND HANDLE SETBACKS BETTER," SHE NOTE

D. BY CONTRAST, KIDS GIVEN SUPERFICIAL EXPOSURE TO MANY ACTIVITIES DON"T HAVE THE SAME CENTEREDNESS TO OVERCOME PERIODS OF DIFFICULTY. IF YOU WANT TO INCREASE INNOVATION WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION, ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS TO DO IS TEAR OUT THE SUGGESTION BOX, ADVISES ISAAC GETZ, PROFESSOR AT ESCP EUROPE BUSINESS SCHOOL IN PARIS. FORMALIZED SUGGESTION PROTOCOLS, WHETHER A BOX ON THE WALL, AN E-MAILED FORM, OR AN INTERNAL WEB SITE, ACTUALLY STIFLE INNOVATION BECAUSE EMPLOYEES FEEL THAT THEIR IDEAS GO INTO A BLACK HOLE OF BUREAUCRACY. INSTEAD, EMPLOYEES NEED TO BE ABLE TO PUT THEIR OWN IDEAS INTO PRACTIC

E. ONE OF THE REASONS THAT TOYOTA"S MANUFACTURING PLANT IN GEORGETOWN, KY. , IS SO SUCCESSFUL IS THAT IT IMPLEMENTS UP TO 99 PERCENT OF EMPLOYEES" IDEAS.

【R3】

A. "BUT" TO KILL BAD THOUGHTS.

B. 30, 90, 365.

C. ONE HABIT FOR 30 DAYS.

D. CONSISTENCY IS KEY.

E. ONE HABIT AT A TIM

E. HABITS, GOOD OR BAD, MAKE YOU WHO YOU AR

E. THE KEY IS CONTROLLING THE

M. IF YOU KNOW HOW TO CHANGE YOUR HABITS, THEN EVEN A SMALL EFFORT CAN CREATE BIG CHANGES. I"VE BEEN USING THESE TECHNIQUES FOR YEARS TO RE-ENGINEER MANY ASPECTS OF MY LIF

E. THAT INCLUDES OVERHAULING MY DIET, EXERCISING REGULARLY, CUTTING OUT TELEVISION, AND BULKING MY E-MAIL AND WORK ROUTINES. LITTLE CHANGE CAN RESULT IN AN IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIF

E. HERE ARE SOME TIPS TO GET YOU STARTE

D. 【R1】______ YOU FOCUS ON ONE CHANGE FOR THIRTY DAYS. AFTER THAT TIME IT HAS BEEN SUFFICIENTLY CONDITIONED TO BECOME A HABIT. THIRTY DAYS IS ALL YOU NEED TO MAKE A CHANGE PERMANENT. LESS TIME THAN THAT THE NEW ALTERNATIVE MIGHT NOT BE HARDWIRED INTO YOUR BRAI

N. REPLACE LOST NEEDS. IF YOU OPENED UP YOUR COMPUTER AND STARTED REMOVING HARDWARE, WHAT WOULD HAPPEN？ CHANCES ARE YOUR COMPUTER WOULDN"T WOR

K. SIMILARLY, YOU CAN"T JUST PULL OUT HABITS WITHOUT REPLACING THE NEEDS THEY FULFILL. GIVING UP TELEVISION MIGHT MEAN YOU NEED TO FIND A NEW WAY TO RELAX, SOCIALIZE OR GET INFORMATIO

N. 【R2】______ A MONTH MAY SEEM LIKE A LONG TIME TO FOCUS ON ONLY ONE CHANGE, BUT I"VE FOUND TRYING TO CHANGE MORE THAN A FEW HABITS AT A TIME TO BE RECKLESS. CHANGING HABITS ISN"T A MATTER OF WILL POWER, BUT PATIENCE AND STRATEGY. DON"T EXPECT TO OVERHAUL YOUR DIET, EXERCISE OR THINKING PATTERNS IN A DAY. TACKLE ONE HABIT AT A TIM

E. WITH JUST ONE HABIT CHANGE YOU CAN FOCUS ON MAKING IT REALLY STIC

K. MULTITASKING BETWEEN THREE OR FOUR OFTEN MEANS NONE BECOME HABITS. BALANCE FEEDBAC

K. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LONG-TERM CHANGE AND GIVING UP ON DAY 31 IS THE BALANCE OF FEEDBAC

K. IF YOUR CHANGE CREATES MORE PAIN IN YOUR LIFE THAN JOY, IT IS GOING TO BE HARD TO STICK TO. DON"T GO TO THE GYM IF YOU HATE IT. FIND DIETS, EXERCISE, FINANCIAL PLANS AND WORK ROUTINES THAT ARE FUN TO FOLLOW AND SUPPORT YOU. 【R3】______ A PROMINENT HABIT-CHANGING THERAPIST ONCE TOLD ME A GREAT WAY TO NUKE BAD THINKIN

G. ANYTIME YOU FEEL YOURSELF THINKING NEGATIVELY ABOUT YOURSELF, USE THE WORD "BUT" AND POINT OUT POSITIVE ASPECTS. "I"M LOUSY AT THIS JOB—BUT—IF I KEEP AT IT I CAN PROBABLY IMPROV

E. " 【R4】______ I"D LIKE TO SAY MOST HABITS GO THROUGH A SERIES OF CHECKPOINTS IN TERMS OF CONDITIONIN

G. THE FIRST IS AT THIRTY DAYS. HERE IT DOESN"T REQUIRE WILL POWER TO CONTINUE YOUR CHANGE, BUT PROBLEMS MIGHT OFFSET IT. AT NINETY DAYS ANY CHANGE SHOULD BE NEUTRAL WHERE RUNNING THE HABIT IS NO MORE DIFFICULT THAN NOT RUNNING IT. AT ONE YEAR IT IS GENERALLY HARDER NOT TO RUN THE HABIT THAN TO CONTINUE WITH IT. BE PATIENT AND RUN HABITS THROUGH THE THREE CHECKPOINTS TO MAKE THEM STIC

K. 【R5】______ THE POINT OF A HABIT IS THAT IT DOESN"T REQUIRE THOUGHT. VARIETY MAY BE THE SPICE OF LIFE, BUT IT DOESN"T CREATE HABITS. MAKE SURE YOUR HABIT IS AS CONSISTENT AS POSSIBLE AND IS REPEATED EVERY DAY FOR THIRTY DAYS. THIS WILL ENSURE A NEW HABIT IS DRILLED IN, INSTEAD OF MULTIPLE HABITS LOOSELY CONDITIONE

D. KEEP IT SIMPL

E. YOUR CHANGE SHOULD INVOLVE ONE OR TWO RULES, NOT A DOZE

N. EXERCISING ONCE PER DAY FOR AT LEAST THIRTY MINUTES IS EASIER TO FOLLOW THAN EXERCISING TUESDAYS, WEDNESDAYS AND FRIDAYS WITH YOGA THE FIRST DAY AND MOUNTAIN BIKING THE THIRD DAY, EXCEPT WHEN IT IS RAININ

G. SIMPLE RULES CREATE HABITS, COMPLEX RULES CREATE HEADACHES.

A．The man told Tim to come at six.

B．The roommate would meet Tim at six.

C．Tim gave his roommate a message.

D．The man told the roommate to give Tim the message.

Tim didn't go to work. He cleared up the flat. (用insteadof将两句合成一句)

What's Tim like in the picture？

A．Tall.

B．Handsome.

C．Little.

【R2】

A. "BUT" TO KILL BAD THOUGHTS.

B. 30, 90, 365.

C. ONE HABIT FOR 30 DAYS.

D. CONSISTENCY IS KEY.

E. ONE HABIT AT A TIM

E. HABITS, GOOD OR BAD, MAKE YOU WHO YOU AR

E. THE KEY IS CONTROLLING THE

M. IF YOU KNOW HOW TO CHANGE YOUR HABITS, THEN EVEN A SMALL EFFORT CAN CREATE BIG CHANGES. I"VE BEEN USING THESE TECHNIQUES FOR YEARS TO RE-ENGINEER MANY ASPECTS OF MY LIF

E. THAT INCLUDES OVERHAULING MY DIET, EXERCISING REGULARLY, CUTTING OUT TELEVISION, AND BULKING MY E-MAIL AND WORK ROUTINES. LITTLE CHANGE CAN RESULT IN AN IMPROVED QUALITY OF LIF

E. HERE ARE SOME TIPS TO GET YOU STARTE

D. 【R1】______ YOU FOCUS ON ONE CHANGE FOR THIRTY DAYS. AFTER THAT TIME IT HAS BEEN SUFFICIENTLY CONDITIONED TO BECOME A HABIT. THIRTY DAYS IS ALL YOU NEED TO MAKE A CHANGE PERMANENT. LESS TIME THAN THAT THE NEW ALTERNATIVE MIGHT NOT BE HARDWIRED INTO YOUR BRAI

N. REPLACE LOST NEEDS. IF YOU OPENED UP YOUR COMPUTER AND STARTED REMOVING HARDWARE, WHAT WOULD HAPPEN？ CHANCES ARE YOUR COMPUTER WOULDN"T WOR

K. SIMILARLY, YOU CAN"T JUST PULL OUT HABITS WITHOUT REPLACING THE NEEDS THEY FULFILL. GIVING UP TELEVISION MIGHT MEAN YOU NEED TO FIND A NEW WAY TO RELAX, SOCIALIZE OR GET INFORMATIO

N. 【R2】______ A MONTH MAY SEEM LIKE A LONG TIME TO FOCUS ON ONLY ONE CHANGE, BUT I"VE FOUND TRYING TO CHANGE MORE THAN A FEW HABITS AT A TIME TO BE RECKLESS. CHANGING HABITS ISN"T A MATTER OF WILL POWER, BUT PATIENCE AND STRATEGY. DON"T EXPECT TO OVERHAUL YOUR DIET, EXERCISE OR THINKING PATTERNS IN A DAY. TACKLE ONE HABIT AT A TIM

E. WITH JUST ONE HABIT CHANGE YOU CAN FOCUS ON MAKING IT REALLY STIC

K. MULTITASKING BETWEEN THREE OR FOUR OFTEN MEANS NONE BECOME HABITS. BALANCE FEEDBAC

K. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LONG-TERM CHANGE AND GIVING UP ON DAY 31 IS THE BALANCE OF FEEDBAC

K. IF YOUR CHANGE CREATES MORE PAIN IN YOUR LIFE THAN JOY, IT IS GOING TO BE HARD TO STICK TO. DON"T GO TO THE GYM IF YOU HATE IT. FIND DIETS, EXERCISE, FINANCIAL PLANS AND WORK ROUTINES THAT ARE FUN TO FOLLOW AND SUPPORT YOU. 【R3】______ A PROMINENT HABIT-CHANGING THERAPIST ONCE TOLD ME A GREAT WAY TO NUKE BAD THINKIN

G. ANYTIME YOU FEEL YOURSELF THINKING NEGATIVELY ABOUT YOURSELF, USE THE WORD "BUT" AND POINT OUT POSITIVE ASPECTS. "I"M LOUSY AT THIS JOB—BUT—IF I KEEP AT IT I CAN PROBABLY IMPROV

E. " 【R4】______ I"D LIKE TO SAY MOST HABITS GO THROUGH A SERIES OF CHECKPOINTS IN TERMS OF CONDITIONIN

G. THE FIRST IS AT THIRTY DAYS. HERE IT DOESN"T REQUIRE WILL POWER TO CONTINUE YOUR CHANGE, BUT PROBLEMS MIGHT OFFSET IT. AT NINETY DAYS ANY CHANGE SHOULD BE NEUTRAL WHERE RUNNING THE HABIT IS NO MORE DIFFICULT THAN NOT RUNNING IT. AT ONE YEAR IT IS GENERALLY HARDER NOT TO RUN THE HABIT THAN TO CONTINUE WITH IT. BE PATIENT AND RUN HABITS THROUGH THE THREE CHECKPOINTS TO MAKE THEM STIC

K. 【R5】______ THE POINT OF A HABIT IS THAT IT DOESN"T REQUIRE THOUGHT. VARIETY MAY BE THE SPICE OF LIFE, BUT IT DOESN"T CREATE HABITS. MAKE SURE YOUR HABIT IS AS CONSISTENT AS POSSIBLE AND IS REPEATED EVERY DAY FOR THIRTY DAYS. THIS WILL ENSURE A NEW HABIT IS DRILLED IN, INSTEAD OF MULTIPLE HABITS LOOSELY CONDITIONE

D. KEEP IT SIMPL

E. YOUR CHANGE SHOULD INVOLVE ONE OR TWO RULES, NOT A DOZE

N. EXERCISING ONCE PER DAY FOR AT LEAST THIRTY MINUTES IS EASIER TO FOLLOW THAN EXERCISING TUESDAYS, WEDNESDAYS AND FRIDAYS WITH YOGA THE FIRST DAY AND MOUNTAIN BIKING THE THIRD DAY, EXCEPT WHEN IT IS RAININ

G. SIMPLE RULES CREATE HABITS, COMPLEX RULES CREATE HEADACHES.

A．see

B．will see

C．would see

D．have seen

-- I really hope your cousin Tim gets the job.-- Thanks. I'll tell Tim when I______ him.

A．would see

B．see

C．have seen

D．will see

What did Mark and Tim have in common？

A．They are overweight for their age.

B．They are respectful to their parents.

C．They are still in their early twenties.

D．They dislike doing physical exercise.