Coal （) electricity very often.

In the United States, most of the electricity is generated from coal or natural gas.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

请根据短文内容，回答题。

Energy and Public Lands

The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing (租凭)both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.＜br＞

In 2000,32 percent of US oil,35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases.＜br＞

Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.＜br＞

Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery.＜br＞

Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems, pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.＜br＞

Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production, though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal (地热) resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours (千瓦时) of electricity per year,47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.＜br＞

Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense.＜br＞

Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether.

What is the main idea of this passage？ 查看材料

A.Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues

B.Public lands play an important role in energy production

C.Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage

D.Public lands store huge energy resources for further development

(15 minutes)

Directions :

Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A , B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.

In addition to the established energy sources such as gas ,coal ,oil and nuclear ,there are a num-ber of other sources that we ought to consider. Two of these are hydroelectric and tidal power. These two sources are (21) in that they are both renewable. (22) ,hydropower is more widely used than tidal.ln (23) ,a substantial amount of electricity is already produced in HEP (hydroelectric power)stations worldwide, (24) tidal stations are stillin the very early (25) of development. .

As far as geographical (26) is concerned ,HEP projects are to be found on lakes and rivers, whiletidal (27)are constructed only at river mouths where tidal (28) is great .Unfortunately these are (29) in number. At present HEP stations are found mainly in Norway ,Canada ,Sweden and Brazil ,whereas tidal plants are in (30) in France ,Russia and China.

As regards capital (31) ,both require very high..investment. On the other hand ,generating(32) are quite low in both cases .ln fact,a large scale HEP plant is capable of producing power more (33) than conventional sources ,such as coal ,oil and nuclear plants. Tidal power also com-pares (34) with nuclear and oil generated electricity, (35) the amount of money on production.

(36) HEP stations ,tidalconstructions have alonglife (37).Itis estimated thatthey can operate foroverl00 years. With respect to (38) 0f supply ,tidal stations (39) from HEP ones in that they often can only supply power (40). HEP stations ,however ,provide a constant supply of elec-tricity.

21.

[ A] compatible

[ B ] parallel

[ C] similar

[ D] identical

r to do other things,【C2】______. Can we use the sun's【C3】______energy to supply electricity, or at least to perform. the function which electricity or other types of power usually perform？ The answer is【C4】______.

For example, people have for many years been using the【C5】______heat of the sun to cook by solar【C6】______which have been built with several incurred【C7】______reflecting the sun and focusing the heat on the cooking element. This【C8】______can be used like a gas or electric stove; it is more expensive to make but it doesn't need any【C9】______and so costs【C10】______to use. Another【C11】______of using solar energy is in house heating.

The【C12】______of energy we use most is electricity, and every day more is【C13】______. But electricity has to be made too, and to make it huge quantities of fuel is required -- oil, coal, gas and nowadays even uranium.

The question which【C14】______everyone today is: how long will these fuels【C15】______？ Nobody knows it for sure,【C16】______most experts think it will soon be difficult to obtain sufficient electricity from these sources. It is possible that the sun can make a(n)【C17】______here, too.

Solar power has already been used to produce【C18】______heat. In Southern France a solar furnace has been built,【C19】______temperatures reach more than 3 000 centigrade. This furnace is not only used for experiment【C20】______, but could be used to produce steam for a power station.

【C1】

A．power

B．time

C．heat

D．temperature

y and intensely from the sun. An abundant and essential【C1】______of energy would be used in space by developing satellite solar【C2】______stations. To live in space, humans must be protected【C3】______the fierce intensity and penetrating sunlight. The colony will have to have enough energy to【C4】______a fairly uniform. temperature. The sun is not dimmed【C5】______an atmosphere. Shaded materials not【C6】______to direct sunlight will almost be absolute zero, while the temperature can soar above the【C7】______point. The colony will need to have both heaters and【C8】______Fortunately, sun's energy can be converted【C9】______electricity. Converting sun's energy, we would【C10】______stations in the space that would intercept【C11】______sunlight. The stations intercept enough sunlight to【C12】______five nuclear reactors and they could be as【C13】______as nine miles long and four miles wide while they weigh twenty thousand tons. This is a【C14】______free way to generate electricity and cost no【C15】______than coal or nuclear energy. Solar cells do the actual converting. A useful material found in lunar soil is silicon which is used to make solar cells.【C16】______we can produce a large amount of these cells and then we avoid any problems of【C17】______the material from earth. A solar cell is made from two thin layers of silicon. Sunlight【C18】______on the cell shakes the electrons【C19】______, and then these electrons move off into an outside circuit, which is detected as an electrical current. Things are arranged【C20】______most of the work involved in generating the electricity is done by forces associated with the atoms themselves.

【C1】

A．treasure

B．property

C．resource

D．source

k, a Bavarian utility, began selling "Aqua Power" last year when Germany began to let customers choose their electricity supplier. Bayernwerk markets Aqua Power as 100 percent green, renewable, hydroelectric energy. But any customer who signs up gets power from the same mix of sources as before: hydro, gas, coal and nuclear. Nothing changes except some accounting, and there is no net benefit to the environment. There is a benefit, though, to Bayernwerk, which charges more for Aqua Power and has been swamped with orders for it.

Greenwashing takes many forms. "Companies often advertise themselves as environmentally friendly even though they might have some pretty hideous environment records, "says Jill Johnson of the group Earth Day 2002. California's PG&E, the utility that settled out of court after the real Erin Breckovich accused it of polluting groundwater, runs pro-environmental ads. But PG&E is due in court in November on charges of polluting wells in a second California town. "PG&E has a very good environmental track record, "says spokesman Greg Pruett, citing recycling and waste reduction. Weyerhaeuser, the timber company, cuts old-growth trees in Canada but trumpets the 100 million tree seedlings it will plant this year.

Overall, the greening of corporate America is real and has not been as hard to achieve as some environmental activists imagined. That is especially true for greenhouse gases and climate change, the focus of Earth Day 2000. "Now there is more recognition by companies that there may be an economic advantage to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases," says Paul Portney, president of the think tank Resources for the Future. More and more companies are changing the way they heat and light their buildings and design their factories to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as their energy bills. (Energy-efficiency upgrades can save a company roughly ＄ 1 per square foot of office or factory space every year.) The reductions often exceed those called for in the 1997 international agreement on greenhouse warming called Kyoto Treaty, whose goal of reducing greenhouse emissions 7 percent from their 2000 levels is deemed so threatening to the economy by oil, coal and chemical companies that the White House does not dare to submit to the Senate for ratification.

The "Aqua Power", sold by the Germany utility Bayernwerk, is ______.

A．green energy

B．less expensive

C．ordinary electricity

D．not popular

阅读材料，回答题：

Renewable Energy Sources

Today petroleum(石油) provides around 40% of the world&39;s energy needs, mostly fuellingautomobiles. Coal is still used, mostly in power stations, to cover one-quarter of our energy needs,but it is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel(矿物燃料). Natural gas reserves could fill some of the gap from oil, but reserves of that will not last into the 22nd century either. Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years. Less-polluting renewable energy sources offer A．more practical long-term energy solution. "Renewable" refers to the fact that these resources are not used faster than they can be replaced.

Hydroelectric(水力发电的)power is now the most common form. of renewable energy, sup-plying around 20% of world electricity. China&39;s Three Gorges Dam is the largest ever. At five timesthe size of the U. S. &39;s Hoover Dam, its 26 turB．ines(涡轮机) will generate the equivalent energyof 18 coal-fired power stations. It will satisfy 3% of China&39;s entire electricity demand.

In 2003, the first commercial power station to use tidal (潮汐的) currents in the open seaopened in Norway. It is designed like windmill(风车), but others take the form. of turB．ines.

As prices fall, wind power has become the fastest growing type of electricity generation--quadrupling(翻两番) worldwide between 1999 and 2005. Modern wind farms consist of turbinesthat generate electricity. Though it will be more expensive, there is more than enough wind to pro-vide the world&39;s entire energy needs. Wind farms come in onshore and offshore forms. They can of-ten end up at spots of natural beauty, and are often unpopular with residents. And turbines are nottotally harmless--they can interfere with radar, alter climate and kill seabirds. Scotland is build-ing Europe&39;s largest wind farm, which will power 200,000 homes. The U. K. &39;s goal is to generateone-fifth of power from renewable sources, mainly wind, by 2020. but this may cause problems,because wind is unreliable.

According to the passage， which of the following is the most polluting energy resource？ 查看材料

A.Petroleum

B.Coal

C.Natural gas

D.Water

cold snap in March could lead to Britains gas supplies running out next month, forcing the nation to pay higher prices for fuel from elsewhere, as the demand increased quickly during the coldest March in 50 years. Forecasts suggest that gas supplies in the UK will be exhausted by 8 April. requiring Britain to turn to imports from Norway and Russia. The warning came on the day Scott is hand Southern Energy, one of the UKs biggest power suppliers, warned that there could be electricity blackouts in the country within three years. A lack of gas storage facilities, arid rapid reduction at the UKs North Sea gas fields, has led to the UK having as little as two days supply of the fuel in reserve. B．Though experts have warned of the problem for years, and the government has championed a "dash for gas" that would see a massive rise in demand for the fuel, little has been done to increase storage facilities. C．Ian Marchant, chief executive of SSE(Scottish and Southern Energy said there was a“very real risk of the lights going out” within the next three years．SSE intends shutting down power plants，enough to have supplied 2 million homes’ lights going out．as the stations are either uneconomic or coming to the end of their fives．Other firms are also planning to take power stations out of service，including the UK’ S fleet of ageing nuclear reactors．increasing the risk that demand for electricity will exceed the available supply．Marchant said：“It appears the government is significantly underestimating the scale of the capacity chinch(危急情况．facing the UK in the next three years and there is a very real risk of the lights going out as a result．” D．His comments follow warnin98 by Alistair Buchanan，the departing chief of gem(Office of the Gas and Electricity Markets．，that power shortages will be many times more likely in the next five years．Government estimates suggest that energy bills could rise by S l00 a year this winter．The warnings are particular blow to George Osborne，the chancellor(大臣．，who has championed a new “dash for gas” in the UK．that would see gas take over as the dominant fuel in the UK’ S power generation market．Much of the generating capacity that SSE plans to retire consists of gas — fired power stations．though the recent budget has given tax breaks for shale gas(页 岩气．extraction in the UK and indicated what could be the biggest expansion of UK gas—fired power in a generation． E．SSE said gas—fired power Was uneconomic because of the fuel’s high price compared with coal. The move by SSE highlights the disputes over energy policy and energy generation, following upheavals(激变．in the international markets for fossil fuels．It also brings into quest：ion whether target to cut carbon dioxide can be met． F．Andrew Pendleton，head of campaigns at Friends of the Earth，said energy firms were trying to hold the government to ransom(救赎．by threatening power cut that would help them extract concessions to get financial benefits．The UK has only six big energy suppliers to households．which campaigners．say reduces competition and raises prices． G．Coal has become much cheaper because of the use of fossil fuel ill the US in the past five years．Where a massive increase in the supply of cheap gas is attributed to the controversial method of blasting dense rocks apart under high pressure．The coal that would have been burned in the US is now available on international markets at cut．price．and has now become “the preferred fuel”．according to SSE． H．That is the opposite of what the government，and the EU intended by their energy policies in the past．decade．Coal Was supposed to become more expensive than gas．because of the EU’S emissions trading scheme．which puts a price on carbon emissions．That has not happened．because flaws within the system mean the price of carbon is near an all—time low．meaning coal—fired power stations are not penalised for their effect on the climate． I．Marchant urged the government to bring forward reforms favouring gas．“Tile government can reduce this risk of power cuts very easily．by taking swift action to provide much greater clarity on its electricity market reforms．” J．An energy bill is under discussion by parliament at the moment．SSE’s warnings were dismissed by green campaigners as “an attempt．to force the government’s hand”．Pendleton said：“The risk is thatthese companies are holding us to ransom，in order to make the environment more favourable to their forms of generation．There is a lot at stake here．Basing our energy strategy on gas rather than clean forms of energy such as renewables means we could be held to ransom more and more in the future in this way．It Could do a huge amount of harm．” K．The government" rebuffed (回绝．the claims from SSE．John Hayes，minister for energy，said：“We’re alive to the challenge facing US．The bill before parliament will set the conditions for the investment needed to keep Britain’s lights on in the long-term the amount of spare power available today is currently comfortable．As old infrastructure(基础没施．closes over the coming years we expect this margin to reduce but we will make sure it stays manageable．” L．Most of the UKs nuclear power plants are planned for closure by 2022．and many coal．fired stations must be closed or run at reduced capacity within the next few years because of EU rules on pollution． M．Experts have warned for years of a loomin9“energy gap” between demand and supply，The building of wind farms and other forms of renewable energy。which were supposed to fill the gap．has been below expectations，in part due to planning laws．Hayes said：“we are not complacent(沽沾自喜的．about this…We are confident in our approach and in l he responsiveness of the market in providing secure power supplies．”Joss Garman，political director of Greenpeace，said：“Not content with the profits they’re making from sky—high energy bills the 9；m industry now seems to be trying to hold everybody to ransom--‘give US even more of your cash or we’ll turn out the nights”. N．Cheap coal and the collapse of the carbon price have made gas burning less profitable，but that’s a reason to ban unabated(未减弱的．coal burning and reform. the carbon market．not to give hand-outs the big six energy companies．“Gas—fired generation should only be a last．ditch backup for renewable energy sources．and ministers should prioritise support for interconnectors，storage，and combined heat anti power stations that would compliment renewables and guarantee we have secure power．” Many of the UKs nuclear power plants and coal-fired stations are planned to be shut. down due to EU rules on pollution.

n of three more nuclear power stations. These will form. a vital part of the government's energy plans for the next two decades and are needed to satisfy the country's growing demands for electricity. The plans were strongly criticised by opposition MP's as well as anti-nuclear and environmentalist groups.

W: They must be absolutely mad, more nuclear power stations!

M: OK. Jane. But we've got to get the energy from somewhere, haven't we？ We can't just go on using oil and coal.

W: Look. The main point is they're just net safe. They're a real menace, everyone of these things is an accident waiting to happen. Look at Chernobyl, for goodness' sake!

M: Yes, OK, I agree there's a risk. Of course there is. But it's minimal. With modern technology, nuclear reactors are much safer:

W: Much safer! You must be joking. No. Look at all that radioactive waste they're dumping into the sea and underground. Nobody re ally knows what'll happen long-terms.

M: That is a problem. Sure. But it's also true that nuclear energy is cheap and can produce electricity very quickly. Lots of countries have no alternatives. They don't have any oil, coal or anything. What are they supposed to do？

W: Oh, come on! There're lots of possibilities. Well, quite a few. We just haven't really looked at them seriously enough. There's solar energy, and wind power and, what's called wave power. We've still got a lot of coal.

W: Alright. But they'll all take time and money to develop. We need energy now and nuclear power is the best alternative.

M: Oh, I don't believe this. I reckon it's just crazy.

(20)

A．The Defence Minister.

B．The Energy Minister.

C．The Prime Minister.

D．The Science Minister.

听力原文：W: Is there anything else we ought to discuss？

M: We haven't discussed heating yet. Do you like central heating？

W: Yes, but isn't it rather expensive？ First costs, I mean--the furnace, and the boiler, all the pipes and radiators？

M: That depends on the system. An automatically controlled oil-burning system is rather expensive.

W: Electric fires are no cheaper. We have them in the bedrooms, and the electricity bills are always high at the end of the winter.

M: What about open fires？

W: I like to see a fire. But coal fires do make a lot of work and a lot of dust, too.

M: You may have a furnace in the kitchen, and a storage tank upstairs. A furnace that bums coke is much cheaper than one that bums oil. A good one would give you all the hot water you need for the kitchen and for baths, and enough for two radiators in the living room.

W: Oh, I know what you mean. They have to be filled twice a day, don't they？

M: Yes, and you have to clear out the ashes once a day.

W: How much does coke cost？

M: They bum three or four tons a year. I'm not sure how much coke costs now--about ￡ 20 a ton, perhaps.

W: That's t ￡11.25 or more a week--for all the hot water, and for heating the living room in winter. That's cheaper than any other system I know.

M: And very little work, too.

W: Great, let's do it.

(20)

A．Electricity bills.

B．The cost of living.

C．The heating system.

D．Types of energy.

回答题。

Electromagnetic Energy

1. White light seems to be a combination of all colors. The energy that comes from a source of light is not limited to the kind of energy you can see. Heat is given off by a flame or an electric light. On a cloudy day it is possible to get a sunburn even though you feel cool. Visible light and the kind of energy that produce warmth and sunburn are examples of electromagnetic energy.

2. The sun is 93 million miles from the earth. Yet we can use energy from the sun because electromagnetic energy travels through space.

3. Many other kinds of energy are also types of electromagnetic energy. Radio, television, and radar signals travel from transmitters to receivers as low-energy electromagnetic waves. Infrared (红外线的 ) radiation is an electromagnetic wave. When it is absorbed by matter, heat is produced. Waves of infrared and visible light have more energy than waves of radio, television, or radar. Ultraviolet rays (紫外线 ) and X-rays are electromagnetic waves with even greater amounts of energy. Infrared radiation is used in cooking food and heating buildings. Sunlight and electric lights are part of our requirements for normal living. Ultraviolet radiation is useful in killing certain disease organisms. X-rays and gamma rays have so mush energy that they travel right through solid objects. They can be used to detect and treat cancer. X-rays are used in industry to find hidden cracks in metal, and in medicine to reveal broken bones.

4. Usually we use electricity to generate electromagnetic energy. The source of most of our energy is the sun. Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate. When the water falls to the earth as rain, some of it is trapped behind dams and then used to operate electric generators. Other generators are powered by coal, but the energy stored in coal came from the sun, too.

5. Until recently, the source of the tremendous amount of energy given off by the sun was a puzzle. If the sun depended on chemical reactions, it would have used up all its energy long ago. Experiments with electromagnetic radiation led to the theory that mass can be converted into energy. About forty years after the theory was proposed, nuclear energy was harnessed (利用 ) by man. Chemical energy comes from electron (电子 ) rearrangement. Nuclear energy comes from a change in the nucleus of an atom. Compared with chemical reactions, nuclear reactions release millions of times more energy per pound of fuel. We now believe that the sun&39;s energy comes from the nuclear reactions in which hydrogen is changed into helium (氦 ) .

6. Nuclear energy is beginning to compete with coal as an economical source of power to generate electricity. It is also being used to operate engines in large ships. Scientists continue to seek new and better methods of obtaining and using energy.

Paragraph 3__________ 查看材料

A.Nuclear reactions as the lasting source of the sun"s energy

B.The most important source of energy

C.Types of electromagnetic energy

D.The machines used for energy generation

E.Seeking new sources of energy

F.The use of ultraviolet radiation in medicine