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[主观题]

Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash,

affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.

The【C1】______view had gained many supporters, especially among【C2】______. But the careful use of small monetary rewards【C3】______creativity in grade-school children,【C4】______that properly presented inducements indeed aid【C5】______, according to a【C6】______in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

"If kids know they're working for a reward and can【C7】______on a relatively challenging task,【C8】______show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.

"But it's easy to【C9】______creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or【C10】______too much anticipation for rewards."

A teacher who【C11】______draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement【C12】______up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds.【C13】______an example of the latter point, he notes【C14】______efforts at major universities to【C15】______grading standards and【C16】______failing grades.

In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in【C17】______students handle【C18】______problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows【C19】______in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist【C20】______.

【C1】

A．latter

B．later

C．former

D．formal

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发布时间：2020-08-24

更多“Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash,”相关的问题

第1题

People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early tha

t it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy--one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons, and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction, It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded (使...隐居) on a desert island at birth and returned seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.

Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive(认知的) psychologists had illuminated the subtle forms o？ daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed (哄) into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the basics of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers is itself far from innate.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．Trends in teaching mathematics to children.

B．The use of mathematics in child psychology.

C．The development of mathematical ability in children.

D．The fundamental concepts of mathematics that children must learn.

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第2题

Psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behavior. because

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A.here humans behave the way animals do

B.people in a lift are all scared

C.here some people take notes

D.in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks

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第3题

Why did you decide to read this, and will you keep reading to the end？ Do you expect to un

derstand every 【C1】______ part of it and will you remember anything about it in a fortnight's 【C2】______ ？ Common sense 【C3】______ that the answers 【C4】______ these questions depend on "readability" -whether the 【C5】______ matter is interesting, the argument clear and the 【C6】______ attractive. But psychologists are discovering that to 【C7】______ why people read-and often don't read-technical information, they have to 【C8】______ not so much the writing as the reader.

Even the most technically confident people often 【C9】______ instructions for the video or home computer in 【C10】______ of hands-on experience. And people frequently 【C11】______ little notice of consumer information, 【C12】______ on nutritional labels or in the small print of contracts. Psychologists researching reading 【C13】______ to assume that both beginners and 【C14】______ readers read everything put in front of them from start to finish. There are 【C15】______ among them about the 【C16】______ of eyes, memory and brain during the 【C17】______ . Some believe that fluent readers take 【C18】______ every letter or Word they see; others 【C19】______ that readers rely on memory or context to carry them from one phrase to another. But they have always assumed that the reading process is the same: reading starts, comprehension 【C20】______ , then reading stops.

【C1】

A．absolute

B．one

C．single

D．unique

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第4题

听力原文：Bad as well as good moods spice life and build character. The key is balance.We o

听力原文： Bad as well as good moods spice life and build character. The key is balance.

We often have little control over when we are swept by emotion. But we can hove some say in how long that emotion will last. Psychologist Dianne Tice of Case Western Reserve University asked more than 400 men and women about their strategies for escaping bad moods. Her research, along with that of other psychologists, provides valuable information on how to change a bad mood.

Of all the moods that people want to escape, rage seems to be the hardest to deal with. When someone in another car cuts you off on the highway, your thought may be, That jerk ! He could have hit me ! I can't let him get away with that! The more you stew, the angrier you get. Such is the stuff of hypertension and reckless driving.

What should you do to relieve rage？ One myth is that ventilating will make you feel better. In fact, researchers have found that's one of the worst strategies. Outbursts of rage pump up the brain's arousal system, leaving you much angrier, not less.

A more effective technique is "reframing," which means consciously reinterpreting a situation in a more positive light. In the case of the driver who cuts you off, you might tell yourself: Maybe he had some emergency. This is one of the most potent ways, Tice found, to put anger to rest.

Going off alone to cool down is also an effective way to defuse anger, especially if you can not think clearly. Tice found that a large proportion of men cool down by going for a drive—a finding that inspired her to drive more defensively. A safer alternative is exercise, such as taking a long walk. Whatever you do, don't waste time pursuing your train of angry thoughts.

Your aim should be to distract yourself.

The techniques of reframing and distraction can alleviate depression and anxiety as well as anger. Add to them such relaxation techniques as deep breathing and meditation and you have a store of weapons against bad moods. "Praying, "Dianne Tice also says, "works for all moods."

(33)

A．We can take control when we are swept by emotion.

B．We can control the length of time emotion lasts.

C．We can find the cause of emotion.

D．We can prevent bad emotions from happening.

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第5题

I will take a walk after I（）my homework

A.o

B.oing

C.will do

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第6题

Doctors and psychologists are talking a lot about stress nowadays. We keep hearing about h

ow harmful stress is --how it【C1】______our efficiency, lowers our【C2】______, leads to all sorts of mental and physical problems, and even【C3】______our family life by making us unbearably【C4】______. We are constantly【C5】______suggestions about how to【C6】______stress, or how to make it" work for us ",or at least keep it【C7】______out of hand.

Every month【C8】______a new article or book to read about stress; we can even take courses in "stress【C9】______"All of these ideas are certainly very【C10】______, -- that is, ff you leave out the fact【C11】______the pressure to avoid stress is just making people more【C12】______. The more good【C13】______I read about how to live with stress,【C14】______. I know I'm supposed to schedule free time【C15】______take it easy, but I just keep putting it【C16】______. 1 know I should practice deep breathing and muscle【C17】______techniques, but I'm too lazy. So I feel guilty. I feel like a failure. And that causes me more【C18】______than the stress I'm living with in the first place. In fact, if I hear one more good idea【C19】______coping with stress, I think I'll【C20】______.

【C1】

A．reduces

B．relieves

C．restricts

D．reveals

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第7题

Ask three people to look out the same window at a busy street corner and tell you what

they see.Chances are you will receive three different answers.Each person sees the same scene, but each perceives(感觉、察觉) something different about it.

Perceiving goes on in our minds.Of the three people who look out the window, one may say that he sees a policeman giving a motorist a ticket.Another may say that he sees a rush-hour traffic jam at the crossing.The third may tell you that he sees a woman trying to cross the street with four children.For perception is the mind's explanation of what the senses - in this case our eyes - tell us.

Many psychologists today are working to try to decide just how a person experiences or perceives the world around him.Using a scientific method, these psychologists set up experiments in which they can control all of the factors.By measuring and charting the results of many experiments, they are trying to find out what makes different people perceive totally different things about the same scene.

31.Seeing and perceiving are().

A.the same action

B.two separate actions

C.two actions carried on entirely by the eyes

D.several actions that take place at different time

32.Perceiving is an action that takes place().

A.in our eycs

B.only when we think very hard about something

C.only under the direction of a psychologist

D.in every person's mind

33.People perceive different things about the same scene because().

A.they come from different countries

B.they can't agree about things

C.some have better eyesight

D.not clearly mentioned in the passage

34.Psychologists study perception by().

A.setting up many experiments

B.asking each other what they see

C.looking out of the window themselves

D.studying the differences in people's eyes

35.The best title for this passage is().

A.How We See

B.Learning About Our Minds Through Science

C.What Psychologists Perceive

D.How to Become an Experimental Psychologist

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第8题

听力原文：M: Mrs. Johnson, you must take these capsules every four hours without fail.W: It

听力原文：M: Mrs. Johnson, you must take these capsules every four hours without fail.

W: It's two o'clock now and I've just taken my first one. I'll follow your instructions carefully, so that I can get well soon.

Q: When should the woman take her next pill？

(13)

A．At two o'clock.

B．At four o'clock.

C．At six o'clock.

D．At eight o'clock.

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第9题

听力原文：W: Mr. Smith, you must take these capsules every four hours without fail.M: It's

听力原文：W: Mr. Smith, you must take these capsules every four hours without fail.

M: It's 2 o'clock, and I just took my first one. I'll follow your instruction carefully so that I can get well soon.

Q: When will the man take his next pill？

(15)

A．At two o'clock.

B．At eight o'clock.

C．At four o'clock.

D．At six o'clock.

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第10题

—Do you have much experience with caring for babies？— .A、Yes, I do. I often take care o

—Do you have much experience with caring for babies？

— .

A、Yes, I do. I often take care of kids in my free time.

B、No, you are freshmen. You should work hard.

C、Yes, they are. They are very cute.

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第11题

Time and how we experience it have puzzled physicists who have created fascinating theorie

s. But their time is measured by a pendulum (钟摆) and is not psychological time, which leaps with little regard to the clock or calendar. As someone who understood the distinction observed, "When you sit with a girl for two hours, it seems like a minute, but when you sit on hot stove, a minute seems like two hours."

Psychologists have noticed that larger units of time. such as months and years, fly on swifter wings as we age.

They also note that the more time is structured with schedule and appointments, the more rapidly it seems to pass. For example, a day at the beach. Since most of us spend fewer days at the beach and more at the office, an increase in structured time could well be to blame why time seems to speed up as we grow older.

Expectation and familiarity also make time seem to flow more rapidly. Almost all of us have had the experience of driving somewhere we've never been before. Surrounded by unfamiliar scenery, with no real notion of when we'll arrive, we experience the trip as lasting a long time. But the return trip, although exactly as long, seems to take far less time. The novelty of the outward journey has become routine. Thus taking a different route on occasions can often help slow the clock.

When days become as identical as beads(珠子) on a string, they blend together, and even months become a single day. To counter this, try to find ways to interrupt the structure of your day--to stop time, so to speak.

Learning something new is another way to slow the passage of time. One of the reasons the days of our youth seem so full and long is that these are the days of learning and discovery.

The purpose of this passage is to ______.

A．show the different ideas of physicists and psychologists on time

B．state the principles of time

C．describe various notions about time

D．explain why time flies and how to slow it down

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