Military forces never use railways and motorcycles.A．YB．NC．NG

The Soviet Union was not being listed as a third-world nation just because of ______.

A．its industrial competitiveness

B．its vast land

C．its powerful military forces

D．its contributions to world peace

The Soviet Union was not being listed as a third-world nation just because of______.

[A] its powerful military forces

[B] its vast land

[C] its industrial competitiveness

[D] its contributions to world peace

听力原文： Last summer I was working in Washington, D. C., as an intern at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. In one way it was an awful job because the purpose was to figure out ways to identify dead people, like identifying the remains of soldiers in wars, or bodies after disasters such as plane crashes or earthquakes. But the exciting part was that I was working with a scientist who heads a program that is identifying bodies by their DNA structures. As you know, DNA is the name for the genetic material in our bodies. In the past, all soldiers had to wear a necklace and a metal tag with their names and identification numbers on the tag. But this method of identification was not very accurate because the tags could be lost or switched around. So in my job I worked at helping the Institute to set up a DNA file to store the genetic information for new soldiers. The armed forces will get a blood sample from each person in the military. Then, if the body of a military person cannot be identified by its tag, fingerprints, or dental records, the body tissue can be analyzed and matched with DNA records at the Institute.

(23)

A．To prevent disease among military personnel.

B．To investigate serious crimes in the military.

C．To find ways of identifying bodies of soldiers.

D．To store old military journals and diaries.

if often omitted in history books. Even though black men almost had to beg to be al- lowed to serve in the Revolutionary War, they went on to serve well. Two blackmen, Oliver Cromwell and Prince Whipple, were with Washington when he crossed the Delaware on Christmas Day, 1776, to attack the British at Trenton. A black man named Estabrook captured the Royal Army's general Prescott Newport, and Peter Salem, a black, killed Major Pitcairn as he was savoring his expected victory at Bunker Hill.

Even though they were forced to serve in separated units, black soldiers distinguished themselves in combat. This was despite the fact the whites had long believed that blacks could neither command nor use firearms. In 1863, William Carney of the Massachusetts Colored Infantry received the Congressional Medal of Honor for his role in battles with the Plains Indians. Isaiah Dorman, Coster's black scout, served and died at the Little Big Horn in 1876. Henry Flipper was the first black graduate of West Point in 1877.

In World War I, 40,000 black American combat soldiers served with the French command. Neither U.S. nor British commanders would use these men. But Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts, soldiers in the 369th Infantry's black “Hellfighters” were still the first Americans to win the Croix de Guerr, France's top military award.

During World War II over 600,000 black men and women served in the armed forces, including some 400,000 who served overseas. Dorie Miller, a black mess attendant in navy, was one of our first heroes in this war. At Pearl Harbor during the Japanese sneak attack, he manned a machine gun and shot down four planes. The black fighter pilots of Benjamin Davis, Jr. distinguished themselves throughout the war. They served most courageously during the Italian campaign. During the war in Vietnam, mainly because of civil rights pressures in America but also owing to the fine record of black military units, all American forces were fully integrated. Once again blacks played vital roles. And 13. 2 percent of all war deaths were of blacks, even though blacks constitute only 11 percent of all Americans. Black American soldiers continue to serve their land well.

The main idea this passage is that______.

A．black Americans made contributions in the Revolutionary War

B．black Americans have admirably served their country in at least five wars

C．black Americans suffered a larger portion of war deaths in Vietnam than did any other minorities

D．black Americans served under the French command in World War I

In the author's opinion, an ordinary man ______ .

A．is a mediocre (平庸的) person

B．can never become distinguished

C．indicates deprecation

D．can be used to praise a person

The United Nations

Impressive as the modern network of international organization and economic agreements may seem on the surface, it has not even come close to ridding the international community of quarrels and national conflicts. Many scholars and statesmen, in fact, have argued that peace and interdependence could best be promoted by one overriding organization rather than by many small international organizations. The supreme effort to found such an organization was the creation of the United Nations.

Key Points in the ON Charter

Precisely how these responsibilities were conceptualized was spelled out in Chapter VII of the UN Charter, titled "Action with Respect to Threats to Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression." Article 39 of this chapter specifies that "the Security Council shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measure shall be taken in accordance with Articles 40 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security." Subsequent articles spell out how the Security Council was expected to discharge its obligations. Article 41 deals with economic sanctions, including "complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations." Article 42 contemplates situations in which economic sanctions may be inadequate: in such cases, the Security Council "may take action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations." Other articles in Chapter VII deal with organizing the military components of full fledged collective security system, including the establishment of a Military Staff Committee.

The machinery of international peacekeeping outlined by these articles far surpassed the comparable machinery of the League of Nations. Moreover, the UN was intended to go well beyond merely maintaining peace and security, as the establishment of its so-called specialized agencies revealed. Through these agencies, the UN plays an important role in worldwide disaster relief, resettlement of refugees, technical assistance in the areas of food and agriculture, health concerns, and many other areas. In addition, the world body actively promotes a higher world standard of living through agencies such as International Children's Emergency Fund. Finally, financial and developmental assistance has been extended to economically troubled states through the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Glancing at a List of the UN's specialized agencies makes it clear that the UN was committed from the outset to promoting world welfare as well as preventing world war.

However, the UN Charter was not designed as a blueprint for a world government. Article 2, paragraph 7, of the charter makes it clear that matters "essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state" are beyond the purview of UN authority. In addition, Article 2 states unequivocally (明确地) that the United Nations "is based on the principle of sovereign (主权国家的) equality of all its members."

Nevertheless, the declared equality of all members of the United Nations is undercut by other provisions of the charter that give greater weight within the organization to the most powerful or prominent member-states. The most obvious reason for these provisions was the need to guarantee the participation of the major states. But there was another, inure subtle reason:

Some of the UN's original supporters viewed the new international association not just as an organization of sovereign states, but also as

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

g international peace, and for restoring peace when conflicts arise. Its decisions are binding on all UN members.

The Security Council has the power to define what is a threat to security, to determine how the UN should respond, and to enforce its decisions by ordering UN members to take certain actions.

The Council convenes(召集)any time there is a threat to peace. A representative from each member country who sits on the Council must be available at all times so that the Council can meet at a moment's notice. The Security Council also frequently meets at the request of a UN member—often a nation with a grievance (委屈，冤情) about another nation's actions.

The Security Council has 15 members, five of which hold permanent seats. The Assembly elects the other ten members for two-year terms. The five permanent members — the United States, Britain, France, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), and China have the most power. These nations were the winning powers at the end of World War II, and they still represent the bulk of the world's military might.

Decisions of the Council require nine votes. But any one of the permanent members can veto an important decision. This authority is known as the veto right of the great powers. As a result, the Council is effective only when its permanent members can reach a consensus(一致同意).

The Council has a variety of ways it can try to resolve conflicts among countries. Usually the Council's first step is to encourage the countries to settle their disagreements without violence. The Council can mediate (仲裁，调停) a dispute or recommend guidelines for a settlement. It can send peacekeeping troops into a distressed area. If a war breaks out, the Council can call for a ceasefire. It can enforce its decisions by imposing economic sanctions on a country, or through joint military action.

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？

A．The Security Council convenes annually.

B．All UN members should observe the decisions adopted by the Security Council.

C．Although one member seriously complains about another member's action, the Security Council will not convene at its request.

D．The five permanent members of the Security Council hold less than one half armed forces in the world.

Watch Consequences Of US-Libyan Relations

US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice announced on Monday that the United Stated decided to restore full diplomatic ties with Libya and clear the nation from the list of terrorism-supporting countries. The Libyan Government welcomed the decision.

This means that the 25-year-old US-Libyan confrontation comes to an end.

Interpretation of this varies, the sudden announcement of the rapprochement is closely related to the issue of Iran's nuclear bidding.

Over a long period of time, Washington called Libya, together with Iran and others, a "rogue nation", which allegedly supported terrorism, and was one of the seven countries that could be subject to possible US nuclear strikes.

The situation altered somewhat since the outbreak of the Iraqi War in 2003. The military forces of the United States and its allies toppled the Saddam Hussein regime with the excuse that Iraq went in for weapons of mass destruction(WMD) programmes. They did so in hopes of making the regime a public example that would pressure others to give up their alleged WMD bidding.

Iran took no heed of this and went on doing what it deemed should be done. Libya, however, was cooperative, abandoning its so-called WMD programmes.

For the co-operative attitude on the part of Libya, the United States gave some limited encouragement, restoring diplomatic representatives to the country in 2004. But restoration of full diplomatic relations did not occur because Libya, in the eyes of the United States, remained a "totalitarian" country, running counter to Washington's push for US-style. freedom and democracy, even though Libya's co-operation in WMD issues was in the United States' strategic interest.

The deadlock over Iran's nuclear bidding cornered the United States to a dilemma(进退两难的窘境): Military strikes are difficult to carry out right now and diplomatic means are yielding no significant results.

It is in this context that US-Libyan ties were put on the agenda. The United States wanted to convey this message: US-Iranian ties could be restored if Iran follows Libya's example, despite the fact that the United States dislikes the Iranian regime.

The message is naturally not only for the ear of Iran and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea but also for other "rogue countries"—Middle-East nations that are in the throes of transformation and some Latin American countries.

The United States, for instance, decided to impose arms embargo on Venezuela almost simultaneously while it announced rapprochement with Libya. The contrast between the punishment and reward helps bring home to other countries the intention that "those who obey survive, those do not perish" in the US international strategy.

To what extent this kind of "punishment and rewarding" strategy would impact the Iran and DPRK's nuclear bidding and those "disobedient" countries, such as Sudan and Venezuela, is worth keeping an eye on.

Oil constitutes another important factor behind the rapprochement. As the second-largest oil producing country in Africa and an important nation located in the North, Libya enjoys unique geopolitical and economic value.

Currently, the oil -rich Middle East is in chaos and the last thing the Bush administration wants is for the United States to become an "oil hostage" to the Middle East, where the US Government is strenuously pushing for democratic transformation.

The situation is compounded by the fact that some Latin American countries are increasingly tilting to the left, threatening to become an unstable energy-resources backyard for the United States.

In view of all this, opening up new energy resources-supplying bases becomes a strategic imperative for the United States.

More importantly,

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

k" means that ______.

A．the forces of modem economy operate beyond the influence of the family

B．the forces of modern economy are going out of the family

C．modern economy forces work to go out of the family

D．modem economy forces work which is outside the home to move away from family members