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听力原文：In recent years, linguists（语言学家) and language teachers have begun to describe

听力原文： In recent years, linguists(语言学家) and language teachers have begun to describe language according not only to grammatical structure, using traditional concepts and terms such as the imperative, but also by function. For example, add "please" to the order "Open the window!", and the structure remains imperative. The function of the utterance, however, is now that of polite request.

Function, then, is determined partly by the user's attitude, and is realized by a variety of linguistic and paralinguistic features—vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation, tone of voice, gesture and facial expression. The language learner can often tell the difference easily between certain basic functions—those of command and request, for example. However, learning to use these different functions of language to communicate effectively is not always so easy.

Language function is also determined by the situation in which the language is used. "Be quiet!" coming from a teacher tired of noisy pupils is obviously an order or command. Used by a nervous bank robber to a fellow in crime, when he thinks he has heard a noise which could have been made by a suspicious policeman, the sentence would be a warning. When we look at the imperative in this way, then, we realize that it consists of a small set of structural forms which can fulfill many different functions: commands, prohibitions, warnings, as well as many others.

(30)

A．Grammatical structure.

B．Function.

C．Traditional concepts and terms.

D．Both A and B

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发布时间：2021-12-16

更多“听力原文：In recent years, linguists（语言学家) and language teachers have begun to describe”相关的问题

第1题

听力原文：Cambridge must be one of the best-known towns in the world, and can be found on m

听力原文： Cambridge must be one of the best-known towns in the world, and can be found on most tourists' lists of places to visit. The main reason for its fame is its universities which started during the 13th century and grew steadily. Until today there are more than twenty colleges.

The oldest college is Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284, and the most recent is Robinson College, which was opened in 1977. The most famous is probably King's College, because of its magnificent church.

The university was exclusively for men until 1871 when the first women's college was opened. Another was opened two years later and a third in 1954. In the 1960s, most colleges opened their doors to both men and women. Almost all the colleges are now mixed, but it will be many years before there are equal numbers of both sexes.

What is the main reason why Cambridge is one of the best-known towns in the world？

A．Because it is a favorite place for tourists.

B．Because it has a famous university.

C．Because the town was started in the 13th century.

D．Because the university has twenty well-known colleges.

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第2题

听力原文：In recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages hove become intere

听力原文： In recent years, many Americans of both sexes and various ages hove become interested in improving their bodies. They hove become devoted to physical fitness..

Many people hove a strong desire to be more physically fit. By nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic about hobbies Or pastimes.

Many of them apply this enthusiasm, optimism, and energy to running. As a result, there are running clubs to join and numerous books and magazines to read about running.

The desire to be physically fit is explained by a "passion" for good health. The high rate of heart attacks in the 1960s caused an increase of interest in improving the human body.

Middleaged men especially suffer from heart attacks. Thus, there is a group which strongly interested in more physical exercises. In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who hove inactive jobs. It is interesting to note that the rate of heart attacks began to decrease between 1972 and 1974 and it is still decreasing. Physical fitness has now become a new "love" of Americans. Will it last long？. Only time will tell or until another "new passion" comes along.

(20)

A．Because of their love for hobbies and pastimes.

B．Because of their enthusiasm for sports.

C．Because of their fear of heart attacks.

D．Because of their strong desire for good health.

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第3题

听力原文：A study recently concluded that the public in industrialized nations are becoming

听力原文： A study recently concluded that the public in industrialized nations are becoming more interested than before in helping the less fortunate people of developing nations. This newfound selflessness has not resulted in personal giving of money, but rather in individual efforts to give aid through service— which is far more important than money. Most volunteers have been professionals. Doctors and nurses have volunteered for medical duty, engineers for building roads and bridges, and teachers and others have made themselves available for a variety of international assignments.

It is not clear why this phenomenon is taking place. There has been consideration that international developments in recent years have weakened nationalism and have emphasized importance of all humanity working together for a better world.

(36)

A．A couple's experience as volunteers.

B．The need for volunteers in the Third World.

C．A new public emphasis on volunteering.

D．the rewards of volunteering.

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第4题

听力原文：Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, summed up the four chief qualities of money som

听力原文： Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, summed up the four chief qualities of money some 2,000 years ago. It must be lasting and easy to recognize, to divide, and to carry about. In other words it must be, durable, distinct, divisible and portable. When we think of money today, we picture it either as round, flat pieces of metal which we call coins, or as printed paper notes. But there are still parts of the world today where coins and notes are of no use. They will buy nothing, and a traveler might starve if he had none of the particular local money to exchange for food.

Salt may seem rather a strange substance to use as money, but in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an absolute necessity. Cakes of salt, stamped to show their value, were used as money in Tibet until recent times, and cakes of salt will still be used to buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa.

(37)

A．It should be made of metal.

B．It should be durable, distinct, divisible and portable.

C．It had been 2,000 years old.

D．It should be made of high-quality materials.

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第5题

听力原文：In the 1930s, archaeologists discovered spear points in the New Mexico town of Cl

听力原文： In the 1930s, archaeologists discovered spear points in the New Mexico town of Clovis, dated from around 13,000 years ago. The individuals who made them have since become known as the "Clovis people" and are believed by many to have been the first people to enter North America.

The "Clovis first" theory proposes that around 14,000 years ago people traveled across a land bridge that existed between Siberia and Alaska. Once in North America, their journey took them through a corridor that opened up between the ice sheets in Western Canada making them the first to be able to enter the interlor of the continent. It's an elegant and almost biblical explanation; but more recent fossil finds question the theory. Some researchers believe the first people entered North America much earlier—perhaps as long as 20,000-30,000 years ago.

In more recent years, the Pacific coast has been seen as an alternative route of entry-possibly at an earlier date than the Clovis. There is little direct evidence to support this, but fossil evidence from the islands of south-east Alaska tells us that this region, or part of it, was free of ice and may have been a refuge for animals throughout the ice age.

If animals such as bears and foxes lived here then why not people？ Fossilized human remains have been found on Alaska's Prince of Wales Island and much further south on the Channel Islands off California. These are thought to be as old as some of the Clovis .finds and it may only be a matter of time before older remains are discovered.

If people did travel down the coasts between islands, they must have used boats. Although the coastal route still lacks a lot of hard evidence, the relatively recent discovery of a stone tool off the coast of British Columbia has added support to the idea.

Why are "Clovis people" believed to first enter North America？

A．Some fossils have been discovered.

B．They were found to have lived in the area known as the refuge during the ice age.

C．Some spear points were discovered.

D．It is in accordance with the biblical explanation.

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第6题

听力原文：In recent years, many Americans of various ages have become interested in improvi

听力原文： In recent years, many Americans of various ages have become interested in improving their bodies. They have become devoted to physical fitness. Exercise has almost become compulsive with many persons who have a strong desire to be more physically fit. By nature, Americans are enthusiastic and energetic about their hobbies and pastimes. They apply their passion and energy to running or jogging. As a result, there are running clubs to join and many books and magazines to read about running.

The desire to be physically fit is explained by a "passion" for good health. The high rate of heart attacks in the 1960s caused an increase on the part of the public in improving the human body.

Middle-aged people especially suffer from heart attacks. Thus, they are one group strongly interested in more physical exercise. In fact, many doctors encourage their patients to become more physically active, especially those who are accustomed to sitting or to taking little exercise. It is interesting to note that the rate of heart attacks began to decline in the 1970s and it is still decreasing. Physical fitness currently enjoys a favored role in the United States. It is a new "love" that many Americans have cherished. Will it last long？ Only time can tell--or until another "new passion" comes along.'？

(30)

A．Because of their love for hobbies and pastimes.

B．Because of their strong desire for good health.

C．Because of their passion for sports.

D．Because of their fear of heart attacks.

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第7题

听力原文：The use of illegal drugs by U.S. teenagers has increased in the past two years, a

听力原文： The use of illegal drugs by U.S. teenagers has increased in the past two years, according to the latest survey by University of Michigan researchers. The increase reverses a downward trend in drug use among teenagers that began in the late 1970s.

Results of a survey of 50,000 eighth, tenth and twelfth graders throughout the United States indicated a sharp rise in the use of drugs. The researchers also noted an increase in the percentage of students who smoke cigarettes, a drop in the percentage of students who drink alcohol, and no change in cocaine use, which remained at a low level.

Although the general rise in the use of drugs is disturbing, the numbers are still far below the recorded high level of drug use in the 1970s.

A consistent drop in drug use, such as the one that occurred be- fore the recent rise, can't be taken for granted, because each generation of American youth has almost no knowledge of drugs and has to learn the same hard lessons.

(26)

A．A slight drop in the use of cocaine.

B．A drop in the use of cigarettes.

C．A sharp rise in the use of drugs.

D．A rise in the use of alcohol.

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第8题

听力原文：Everywhere we look, we see Americans running. They run for every reason anybody c

听力原文： Everywhere we look, we see Americans running. They run for every reason anybody could think of. They run for health, for beauty, to lose weight, to feel fit, and because it is the thing they love to do. Every year, for example, thousands of people run in one race, the Boston Marathon, the best known long distance race in the United States. In recent years there have been nearly 5,000 official competitors and it takes three whole minutes for the crowd of runners just to cross the starting line.

You may have heard the story of the Greek runner, Pheidippides. He ran from Marathon to Athens to deliver the news of the great victory 2,500 years ago. No one knows how long it took him to run the distance. But the story tells us that he died of the effort. Today in very few cases will one die in a Marathon race. But at the finish line, we see what this race is about; not being first, but finishing. The real victory is not over one's fellow runners, but over one's own body. It is a victory of will-power over fatigue. In the Boston Marathon, each person who crosses that finish line is a winner.

(30)

A．Three minutes.

B．Two Minutes.

C．One minutes.

D．Five minutes.

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第9题

听力原文：Everywhere we look，we see Americans running. They run for every reason anybody co

听力原文： Everywhere we look，we see Americans running. They run for every reason anybody could think of. They run for health，for beauty，to lose weight，to keep fit，and because it is the thing they love to do. Every year， for example，thousands of people run in one race，the Boston Marathon，the best known long distance race in the United States. In recent years there have been nearly 5，000 official competitors and it takes three whole minutes for the crowd of runners just to cross the starting line.

You may have heard the story of the Greek runner，Pheidippides. He ran from Marathon to Athens to deliver the news of the great victory 2，500 years ago. No one knows how long it took him to run the distance. But the story tells us that he died of the effort. Today no one will die in a Marathon race. But at the finish line，we see what this race is about；not being first，hut finishing. The real victory is not over one's fellow runners，but over one's own body. It is a victory of will power over fatigue. In the Boston Marathon，each person who crosses that finish line is a winner.

(30)

A．Three minutes.

B．Two minutes.

C．One minute.

D．Five minutes.

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