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[主观题]

Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【31】______praise to cold

cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, 【32】______research the relation【33】______actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain【34】______rewards often destroy creativity【35】______encouraging dependence【36】______approval and gifts from others.

The latter view has gained many supporters, especially【37】______educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks【38】______in grade-school children, suggesting【39】______properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, 【40】______to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology "If kids know they're working for a【41】______and can focus【42】______a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity" , says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for【43】______performance or creating too【44】______anticipation for rewards. "

A teacher【45】______continually draws attention to rewards or who hands【46】______high grades for ordinary achievement ends up【47】______discouraged students, Eisenberger holds.【48】______an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing【49】In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in【50】______students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

(31)

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发布时间：2020-10-01

更多“Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【31】______praise to cold”相关的问题

第1题

Psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behavior. because

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A.here humans behave the way animals do

B.people in a lift are all scared

C.here some people take notes

D.in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks

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第2题

Why did you decide to read this, and will you keep reading to the end？ Do you expect to un

derstand every 【C1】______ part of it and will you remember anything about it in a fortnight's 【C2】______ ？ Common sense 【C3】______ that the answers 【C4】______ these questions depend on "readability" -whether the 【C5】______ matter is interesting, the argument clear and the 【C6】______ attractive. But psychologists are discovering that to 【C7】______ why people read-and often don't read-technical information, they have to 【C8】______ not so much the writing as the reader.

Even the most technically confident people often 【C9】______ instructions for the video or home computer in 【C10】______ of hands-on experience. And people frequently 【C11】______ little notice of consumer information, 【C12】______ on nutritional labels or in the small print of contracts. Psychologists researching reading 【C13】______ to assume that both beginners and 【C14】______ readers read everything put in front of them from start to finish. There are 【C15】______ among them about the 【C16】______ of eyes, memory and brain during the 【C17】______ . Some believe that fluent readers take 【C18】______ every letter or Word they see; others 【C19】______ that readers rely on memory or context to carry them from one phrase to another. But they have always assumed that the reading process is the same: reading starts, comprehension 【C20】______ , then reading stops.

【C1】

A．absolute

B．one

C．single

D．unique

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第3题

People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early tha

t it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy--one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons, and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction, It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded (使...隐居) on a desert island at birth and returned seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.

Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive(认知的) psychologists had illuminated the subtle forms o？ daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed (哄) into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the basics of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers is itself far from innate.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．Trends in teaching mathematics to children.

B．The use of mathematics in child psychology.

C．The development of mathematical ability in children.

D．The fundamental concepts of mathematics that children must learn.

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第4题

Doctors and psychologists are talking a lot about stress nowadays. We keep hearing about h

ow harmful stress is --how it【C1】______our efficiency, lowers our【C2】______, leads to all sorts of mental and physical problems, and even【C3】______our family life by making us unbearably【C4】______. We are constantly【C5】______suggestions about how to【C6】______stress, or how to make it" work for us ",or at least keep it【C7】______out of hand.

Every month【C8】______a new article or book to read about stress; we can even take courses in "stress【C9】______"All of these ideas are certainly very【C10】______, -- that is, ff you leave out the fact【C11】______the pressure to avoid stress is just making people more【C12】______. The more good【C13】______I read about how to live with stress,【C14】______. I know I'm supposed to schedule free time【C15】______take it easy, but I just keep putting it【C16】______. 1 know I should practice deep breathing and muscle【C17】______techniques, but I'm too lazy. So I feel guilty. I feel like a failure. And that causes me more【C18】______than the stress I'm living with in the first place. In fact, if I hear one more good idea【C19】______coping with stress, I think I'll【C20】______.

【C1】

A．reduces

B．relieves

C．restricts

D．reveals

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第5题

Ask three people to look out the same window at a busy street corner and tell you what

they see.Chances are you will receive three different answers.Each person sees the same scene, but each perceives(感觉、察觉) something different about it.

Perceiving goes on in our minds.Of the three people who look out the window, one may say that he sees a policeman giving a motorist a ticket.Another may say that he sees a rush-hour traffic jam at the crossing.The third may tell you that he sees a woman trying to cross the street with four children.For perception is the mind's explanation of what the senses - in this case our eyes - tell us.

Many psychologists today are working to try to decide just how a person experiences or perceives the world around him.Using a scientific method, these psychologists set up experiments in which they can control all of the factors.By measuring and charting the results of many experiments, they are trying to find out what makes different people perceive totally different things about the same scene.

31.Seeing and perceiving are().

A.the same action

B.two separate actions

C.two actions carried on entirely by the eyes

D.several actions that take place at different time

32.Perceiving is an action that takes place().

A.in our eycs

B.only when we think very hard about something

C.only under the direction of a psychologist

D.in every person's mind

33.People perceive different things about the same scene because().

A.they come from different countries

B.they can't agree about things

C.some have better eyesight

D.not clearly mentioned in the passage

34.Psychologists study perception by().

A.setting up many experiments

B.asking each other what they see

C.looking out of the window themselves

D.studying the differences in people's eyes

35.The best title for this passage is().

A.How We See

B.Learning About Our Minds Through Science

C.What Psychologists Perceive

D.How to Become an Experimental Psychologist

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第6题

Time and how we experience it have puzzled physicists who have created fascinating theorie

s. But their time is measured by a pendulum (钟摆) and is not psychological time, which leaps with little regard to the clock or calendar. As someone who understood the distinction observed, "When you sit with a girl for two hours, it seems like a minute, but when you sit on hot stove, a minute seems like two hours."

Psychologists have noticed that larger units of time. such as months and years, fly on swifter wings as we age.

They also note that the more time is structured with schedule and appointments, the more rapidly it seems to pass. For example, a day at the beach. Since most of us spend fewer days at the beach and more at the office, an increase in structured time could well be to blame why time seems to speed up as we grow older.

Expectation and familiarity also make time seem to flow more rapidly. Almost all of us have had the experience of driving somewhere we've never been before. Surrounded by unfamiliar scenery, with no real notion of when we'll arrive, we experience the trip as lasting a long time. But the return trip, although exactly as long, seems to take far less time. The novelty of the outward journey has become routine. Thus taking a different route on occasions can often help slow the clock.

When days become as identical as beads(珠子) on a string, they blend together, and even months become a single day. To counter this, try to find ways to interrupt the structure of your day--to stop time, so to speak.

Learning something new is another way to slow the passage of time. One of the reasons the days of our youth seem so full and long is that these are the days of learning and discovery.

The purpose of this passage is to ______.

A．show the different ideas of physicists and psychologists on time

B．state the principles of time

C．describe various notions about time

D．explain why time flies and how to slow it down

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第7题

People appear to be born to compute.The numerical skills of children develop so early and

People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably (坚定地) that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy--one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, five spoons, and five forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.

Of course, the truth is not so simple. In this century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped--or, as the case might be, bumped into--concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, when asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed (说服) into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments (基本原理) of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers--the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is prerequisite (先决条件) for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table--is itself far from innate.

After children have helped to set the table with impressive accuracy, they ________.

A．are able to help parents serve dishes

B．tend to do more complicated housework

C．are able to figure out the total pieces

D．can enter a second-grade mathematics class

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第8题

听力原文：W: Now people are suffering more stress, especially women. I wonder what most peo

ple can do to relax themselves？

M: Well, I read of a global study about this. According to it, listening to music is what most people do lo ease stress.

W: I guess, that's because we have easy access to music via radio, TV, internet and so many other channels.

M: Yeah, andwatching TV is listed as the next popular stress reliever, followed by taking a bath or shower

W: Well, I've heard thru it is quite popular in your country for people to consult psychologists and doctors.

M: I'm afraid that's not true. I believe only a few people think it's helpful.

W: I have noticed that our manager always looks energetic, even though he works more than 12 hours a day. Perhaps, lie takes some specific medicine.

M: I know why he likes dancing and often visits liars alone so that lie can dance to his heart's content.

W: So that's how it is. Butwhen I feel anxious or exhausted, I prefer to take a walk or read a funny story

M: That's not a bad idea. Meanwhile, you can find some other ways to relax yourself if they are suitable for you.

(20)

A．Listening to music.

B．Surfing the internet.

C．Watching TV.

D．Taking a bath.

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第9题

Rae and Bruce Hostetler not only work very hard, they also relax just as well.Numerous v

acations help the couple to maintain their health and emotional wellbeingand it’s no surprise to health care professionals.

“Rest, relaxation, and stress reduction are very important for people’s wellbeing and health. This can be accomplished through daily activities, such as exercise and meditation, but vacation is an important part of this as well, ” said primary care physician Natasha Withers from One Medical Group in New York. Withers lists a decreased risk of heart disease and improved reaction time as some of the benefits from taking some time off.“We also know that the mind is very powerful and can help with healing，so a rested，relaxed mind is able to help the body heal better, ” said Withers.

Psychologists confirm the value of vacations for the mind.“The impact that taking a vacation has on one’s mental health is great, ” said Francine Lederer, a clinical psychologist in Los Angeles who specializes in stress and relationship management.“Most people have better life perspective and are more motivated to achieve their goals after a vacation，even if it is a 24hour timeout.” The trips could be good for their health, good for their family and good for their businesses.

The online travel agency Expedia conducted a survey about vacation time in 2010, and according to their data the average American earned 18 vacation days—but only used 14 of them. France topped the list, with the average worker earning 37 vacation days and using all but two of them. Americans’ responses may not be surprising in a culture where long hours on the job often are valued, but that’s not always good for the individual, the family or the employer.

Psychologists have also found that people who don’t take enough time to relax may find it harder to relax in the future.“Without time and opportunity to do this，the nerve connections that produce feelings of calm and peacefulness become weaker, making it actually more difficult to shift into lessstressed states, ” Mulhern said.

阅读B-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。

B-17.According to Natasha Withers，vacations can________.

A、weaken reaction system

B、cure serious diseases

C、reduce the level of wellbeing

D、decrease the risk of heart disease

阅读B-16题干中Passage One材料，完成本题。

B-20.What is mainly talked about in the text？

A、Ways to relax in one’s free time.

B、The benefits of taking time off.

C、Different opinions on holidays.

D、The Hostetlers always on the go.

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第10题

请根据短文的内容，回答题。 What Is a Dream？For centuries, people have wondered about the str

请根据短文的内容，回答题。

What Is a Dream？

For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however,think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person&39;s mind and emotions.＜br＞

Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.＜br＞

The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person&39;s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.＜br＞

The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud&39;s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.＜br＞

Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person&39;s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.＜br＞

Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.＜br＞

He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men&39;s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women&39;s dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.＜br＞

Can dreams help us understand ourselves？ Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn&39;t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It&39;s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.

Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. 查看材料

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

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